Influence of adding vitamin D3 to standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy on the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection

Background and study aimsThe successful eradication rates with standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy are declining concerning the high antibiotic resistance rate and adverse drug reactions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the eradication rates of the standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection.Patients and methodsThis is a randomized prospective comparative study of 150 patients diagnosed with H. pylori gastritis using magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy and supported by a stool antigen test. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (n = 75) treated with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and esomeprazole for 2 weeks; group B (n = 75) treated with 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 1 month plus amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and esomeprazole for 2 weeks. The H. pylori eradication rates were assessed using stool antigen test conducted 4 weeks after the end of therapy. Furthermore, the H. pylori eradication rates were assessed with per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses.ResultsThe current results showed that H. pylori eradication was achieved in 46 of 62 (74.19%) and 46 of 75 (61.33%) patients via PP and ITT analyses, respectively, in group A. However, eradication was achieved in 60 of 68 (88.23%) and 60 of 75 (80%) patients via PP and ITT analyses, respectively, in group B. Therefore, the H. pylori eradication rates in the group where vitamin D3 was added to the clarithromycin-based triple therapy were significantly higher than in the other groups (p = 0.012 and p = 0.029 in ITT and PP analyses, respectively).ConclusionsAdding vitamin D3 to the standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy could provide an additional advantage to achieve significantly higher eradication rates for H. pylori infection.     

窄带成像放大内镜在胃粘膜肠上皮化生诊断中的应用

目的：探讨窄带成像放大内镜（narrow band imaging-magnifying endoscopy,NBI-ME）对胃粘膜肠上皮化生诊断的临床价值。方法选取行普通内镜联合NBI-ME检查的慢性胃炎患者110例,并对可疑病变区域取病理化验,以病理学结果为金标准评价上述联合检查方法诊断胃粘膜肠上皮化生的准确性。结果经NBI-ME诊断肠上皮化生的敏感性为88.22%,特异性为96.05%,阳性预测值为90.91%,阴性预测值为94.81%,阳性似然比为22.33,阴性似然比为0.12,约登指数为0.84。结论普通内镜联合窄带成像放大内镜可明显提高胃粘膜肠上皮化生的诊断准确率,值得临床推广。     

窄带成像放大内镜下胃小凹形态观察的临床价值

目的探讨窄带成像放大内镜(NBI)技术下胃小凹的形态分型及其临床价值。方法应用窄带成像放大内镜技术对113例患者进行检查,观察胃小凹形态,并于各不同形态处行活组织检查。结果 A、B型胃小凹主要见于慢性浅表性胃炎,C、D、E型胃小凹主要见于慢性萎缩性胃炎,D、E型胃小凹与肠上皮化生及异型增生密切相关。结论通过窄带成像放大内镜对5种胃小凹的形态观察可以推测病理组织学诊断,使镜下准确诊断胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生及异型增生成为可能,以指导正确的治疗方法及内镜下随诊。     

Evaluation of magnifying colonoscopy in the diagnosis of serrated polyps

AIM: To elucidate the colonoscopic features of serrated lesions of the colorectum using magnifying colonoscopy.METHODS: Broad division of serrated lesions of the colorectum into hyperplastic polyps (HPs), traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs), and sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) has been proposed on the basis of recent molecular biological studies. However, few reports have examined the colonoscopic features of these divisions, including magnified colonoscopic findings. This study examined 118 lesions excised in our hospital as suspected serrated lesions after magnified observation between January 2008 and September 2011. Patient characteristics (sex, age), conventional colonoscopic findings (location, size, morphology, color, mucin) and magnified colonoscopic findings (pit pattern diagnosis) were interpreted by five colonoscopists with experience in over 1000 colonoscopies, and were compared with histopathological diagnoses. The pit patterns were categorized according to Kudo’s classification, but a more detailed investigation was also performed using the subclassification [type II-Open (type II-O), type II-Long (type II-L), or type IV-Serrated (type IV-S)] proposed by Kimura T and Yamano H.RESULTS: Lesions comprised 23 HPs (23/118: 19.5%), 39 TSAs (39/118: 33.1%: with cancer in one case), 50 SSA/Ps (50/118: 42.4%: complicated with cancer in three cases), and six others (6/118: 5.1%). We excluded six others, including three regular adenomas, one hamartoma, one inflammatory polyp, and one juvenile polyp for further analysis. Conventional colonoscopy showed that SSA/Ps were characterized as larger in diameter than TSAs and HPs (SSA/P vs HP, 13.62 ± 8.62 mm vs 7.74 ± 3.24 mm, P < 0.001; SSA/Ps vs TSA, 13.62 ± 8.62 mm vs 9.89 ± 5.73 mm, P < 0.01); common in the right side of the colon [HPs, 30.4% (7/23): TSAs, 20.5% (8/39): SSA/P, 84.0% (42/50), P < 0.001]; flat-elevated lesion [HPs, 30.4% (7/23): TSAs, 5.1% (2/39): SSA/Ps, 90.0% (45/50), P < 0.001]; normal-colored or pale imucosa [HPs, 34.8% (8/23): TSAs, 10.3% (4/39): SSA/Ps, 80% (40/50), P < 0.001]; and with large amounts of mucin [HPs, 21.7% (5/23): TSAs, 17.9% (7/39): SSA/Ps, 72.0% (36/50), P < 0.001]. In magnified colonoscopic findings, 17 lesions showed either type II pit pattern alone or partial type II pit pattern as the basic architecture, with 14 HPs (14/17, 70.0%) and 3 SSA/Ps. Magnified colonoscopy showed the type II-O pit pattern as characteristic of SSA/Ps [sensitivity 83.7% (41/49), specificity 85.7% (54/63)]. Cancer was also present in three lesions, in all of which a type VI pit pattern was also present within the same lesion. There were four HPs and four TSAs each. The type IV-S pit pattern was characteristic of TSAs [sensitivity 96.7% (30/31), specificity 89.9% (72/81)]. Cancer was present in one lesion, in which a type VI pit pattern was also present within the same lesion. In our study, serrated lesions of the colorectum also possessed the features described in previous reports of conventional colonoscopic findings. The pit pattern diagnosis using magnifying colonoscopy, particularly magnified colonoscopic findings using subclassifications of surface architecture, reflected the pathological characteristics of SSA/Ps and TSAs, and will be useful for colonoscopic diagnosis.CONCLUSION: We suggest that this system could be a good diagnostic tool for SSA/Ps using magnifying colonoscopy.     

Diagnosis of early gastric cancer using narrow band imaging and acetic acid

AIM: To determine whether the endoscopic findings of depressed-type early gastric cancers(EGCs) could precisely predict the histological type.METHODS: Ninety depressed-type EGCs in 72 patients were macroscopically and histologically identified. We evaluated the microvascular(MV) and mucosal surface(MS) patterns of depressed-type EGCs using magnifying endoscopy(ME) with narrow-band imaging(NBI)(NBI-ME) and ME enhanced by 1.5% acetic acid, respectively. First, depressed-type EGCs were classified according to MV pattern by NBI-ME. Subsequently, EGCs unclassified by MV pattern were classified according to MS pattern by enhanced ME(EME) images obtained from the same angle.RESULTS: We classified the depressed-type EGCs into the following 2 MV patterns using NBI-ME: a fine-network pattern that indicated differentiated adenocarcinoma(25/25, 100%) and a corkscrew pattern that likely indicated undifferentiated adenocarcinoma(18/23, 78.3%). However, 42 of the 90(46.7%) lesions could not be classified into MV patterns by NBI-ME. These unclassified lesions were then evaluated for MS patterns using EME, which classified 33(81.0%) lesions as MS patterns, diagnosed as differentiated adenocarcinoma. As a result, 76 of the 90(84.4%) lesions were matched with histological diagnoses using a combination of NBI-ME and EME.CONCLUSION: A combination of NBI-ME and EME was useful in predicting the histological type of depressedtype EGC.     

Magnifying gastroendoscopy for diagnosis of histologic gastritis in the gastric antrum

BACKGROUND: We investigated the potential of magnifying endoscopy for diagnosis of histologic gastritis in the gastric antrum. In addition, we investigated whether magnifying endoscopy can be applied for evaluation of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. METHODS: We examined 176 Japanese patients including 53 with H. pylori eradication. We evaluated the antrum by magnifying observation and ordinary endoscopic findings, and compared these results. Biopsy specimens were taken from the sites observed. RESULTS: The magnified views were classified into four types. Histology of the biopsy specimens allowed us to match the four magnified views with normal mucosa with fundic glands, normal mucosa with pyloric glands, mucosa with gastritis and intestinal metaplasia/epithelial hyperplasia. The types of magnifying appearances were specific enough for the diagnosis of histologic gastritis (148 out of the 176 (82.4%) cases; sensitivity, 96.3%; specificity, 73.7%). We could accurately diagnose the histologic gastritis by magnifying endoscopy in 49 out of the 53 (92%) cases with H. pylori eradication, while only in 38% by ordinary endoscopy. The accuracy of diagnosis was statistically higher with the use of magnifying endoscopy than with ordinary endoscope (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Magnifying gastroendoscopy is useful to judge the histologic gastritis, especially, in cases with H. pylori eradication.     

Usefulness of the DL in ME with NBI for determining the expanded area of early-stage differentiated gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate whether magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI) is useful for evaluating the area of superficial, depressed- or flat-type differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. METHODS: This procedure was performed in Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital and Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center. The subjects were 31 patients in whom biopsy findings, from superficial, depressed- or flat-type gastric lesion, suggested differentiated adenocarcinoma in the above 3 hospitals between January and December 2009. Biopsy was performed on the lesion and non-lesion sides of a boundary (imaginary boundary) visualized on ME-NBI. The results were pathologically investigated. We evaluated the accuracy of estimating a demarcation line (DL) on ME-NBI in comparison with biopsy findings as a gold standard. RESULTS: The DL that could be recognized at 2 points on the orifice and anal sides of each lesion during ME-NBI was consistent with the pathological findings in 22 patients with 0-Ⅱc lesions, 7 with 0-Ⅱb lesions, and 2 with 0-Ⅱb + Ⅱc lesions, showing an accuracy of 100%. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the usefulness of ME-NBI for evaluating the area of superficial, depressed- and flat-type differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach.     

浅表型胃肿瘤的内镜形态学与病理学特征

目的探讨浅表型胃肿瘤的内镜形态学和术后病理结果的特征。方法回顾性分析38例浅表型胃肿瘤的内镜下形态、FICE和放大模式下及靛胭脂染色后病变黏膜结构的特点,结合病理结果进行归纳分析。结果 38例浅表型胃肿瘤表面结构、色泽、皱襞形态和组织学改变具有一定的特点,结合内镜染色及放大技术,有助于早期胃癌的诊断。结论充分认识浅表型胃肿瘤的形态学特点,结合组织学特征以及内镜不同诊断方法联合应用可提高早期胃癌检出率。     

A Comparison of Magnifying Chromoendoscopy Versus Histopathology of Forceps Biopsy Specimen in the Diagnosis of Minute Flat Adenoma of the Colon

Having noted a discrepancy between endoscopic and histopathological diagnoses in cases of minute adenomas of the colon, a prospective study was designed to clarify which is appropriate, magnifying chromoendoscopy or histopathology of a specimen obtained by biopsy forceps. A total of 208 patients comprised the study population. The endoscopic diagnoses were performed with magnifying colonoscopies. We separated the detected lesions with type III_L pit pattern following Kudo’s classification into two groups at random: in group A (n = 104) resected specimens were fixed with 20% buffered formalin without being flattened, whereas in group B (n = 104) the resected specimens were flattened using forceps before fixation and the specimens were cut under observation of their surface structure with stereomicroscopy. Comparison of the initial diagnoses between groups A and B showed that a total of 84.6% (88/104) of the lesions were diagnosed to be tubular adenomas histopathologically in group A, compared with 100% (104/104) in group B (P < 0.0001). Results for comparison of the secondary diagnoses between group A and group B showed that 14 of the 16 lesions were diagnosed as tubular adenomas histopathologically. Thereafter, 98.1% (102/104) of the lesions were diagnosed to be tubular adenomas histopathologically in group A (P = 0.4976). In conclusion, high-resolution magnifying chromoendoscopy is an appropriate procedure for the diagnosis of minute adenomas in comparison with histopathology of specimens obtained by biopsy forceps in this prospective study. Presented at the Topic Forum: The New Frontier of Colonoscopic Imaging of ASGE (Digestive Disease Week 2007, Washington, DC).     

大肠黏膜病变腺管开口类型及其与微血管密度的关系

目的 探讨染色放大内镜下大肠黏膜腺管开口类型及其与微血管密度（MVD）的相关性,为进一步研究大肠癌发生发展提供理论依据.方法 对普通电子结肠镜检查发现的176例结肠黏膜外观异常的患者及15例结肠黏膜外观正常的病例,应用染色放大内镜,结合化学染色,对大肠黏膜腺管开口行Kudos分型,病变黏膜随后行黏膜活检或黏膜切除、常规病理检查及免疫组化测量其MVD;分析黏膜腺管开口类型与MVD的关系.结果 176例大肠黏膜病变中,染色放大内镜发现腺管开口形态为Ⅰ型27例、Ⅱ型35例、ⅢL型54例、Ⅳ型49例和Ⅴ型11例;病理诊断黏膜炎性病变28例,增生性息肉36例,管状腺瘤53例,绒毛状腺瘤48例及大肠癌11例;15例正常黏膜腺管开口均为Ⅰ型,炎性病变腺管开口以Ⅰ型为主,增生性息肉腺管开口以Ⅱ型为主,管状腺瘤和绒毛状腺瘤的腺管开口分别以ⅢL型和Ⅳ型为主,11例大肠癌则均表现为Ⅴ型腺管开口,黏膜腺管开口类型与大肠癌变之间具有相关性（rp=0.964,P〈0.001）,且大肠黏膜病变腺管分级与MVD值也呈正相关,分级越高,MVD值也越高（rp=0.943,P〈0.001）.Ⅴ型腺管开口MVD值显著高于其他类型开口（P〈0.05）;当MVD值≥30时,有助于大肠癌的诊断.结论 大肠黏膜腺管开口类型与组织病理学改变及MVD均有明显相关性,MVD越高癌变可能性越大,腺管开口形态联合MVD,有助于大肠癌的早期诊断.