Endoscopic microanatomy of the normal gastrointestinal mucosa with narrow band technology and magnification

The development of high-definition endoscopes with optical zoom, along with the use of the digital chromoendoscopy and staining, has given endoscopists the possibility to study the microanatomy of the gastrointestinal mucosa in vivo. The recognition of the changes in the microstructure of the surface and microvascular architecture such as those that occur in neoplastic lesions allow us to characterize these lesions in order to decide on the best course of clinical action. The current greater availability of endoscopes with optical zoom in western countries has allowed the use of this technology in routine clinical practice to spread. In this article we review the basic concepts of magnifying endoscopy and the normal endoscopic microanatomy of the oesophageal, gastric, duodenal, ileal and colonic mucosa.     

应用放大内镜诊断萎缩性胃炎的研究进展

胃小凹的特征性改变,尤其是D型、E型胃小凹的出现极大地提示胃黏膜萎缩的形成。B型到E型4种基本形态胃小凹与肠上皮化生的严重程度之间呈明显正相关,E型是肠化生的特征性改变。幽门螺杆菌是导致胃黏膜萎缩的关键因素。本文综合近几年有关放大内镜诊断萎缩性胃炎的文章,总结既往研究结果,并进行整理和分类。     

窄带成像放大内镜对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值

目的:研究食管黏膜微血管改变与组织学的关系,以探讨窄带成像放大内镜(NBI-ME)对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值。方法:168例常规内镜下食管黏膜病变患者用窄带成像技术(NBI)、卢戈氏碘染色法观察其上皮乳头内毛细血管袢(IPCL)的形态学改变,并活检组织做病理学分析;30例正常者做对照组。结果:NBI和碘染色内镜显示食管病变程度及范围明显优于常规内镜,但碘染色内镜存在不良反应(15.65%);正常对照、食管炎、低级别瘤变、高级别瘤变及食管癌IPCL主要形态分类分别为Ⅰ型(100%)、Ⅱ型(84.45%)、Ⅲ型(52.00%)、Ⅲ型(69.23%)、Ⅳ型(64.29%)。结论:NBI内镜可以替代碘染色内镜;亦可根据食管黏膜IPCL形态判定组织学类型,提高了早期食管癌及癌前病变的发现率。     

Magnifying chromoscopy, a novel and useful technique for colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by exacerbations and remissions. The degree of inflammation as assessed by conventional colonoscopy is a reliable parameter of disease activity. However, even when conventional colonoscopy suggests remission and normal mucosal findings, microscopic abnormalities may persist, and relapse may occur later. Patients with long-standing, extensive ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer is characterized by an early age at onset, poorly differentiated tumor cells, mucinous carcinoma, and multiple lesions. Early detection of dysplasia and colitic cancer is thus a prerequisite for survival. A relatively new method, magnifying chromoscopy, is thought to be useful for the early detection and diagnosis of dysplasia and colitic cancer, as well as the prediction of relapse.     

Conventional colonoscopy and magnified chromoendoscopy for the endoscopic histological prediction of diminutive colorectal polyps： A single operator study

AIM: To accurately differentiate the adenomatous from the non-adenomatous polyps by colonoscopy. METHODS: All lesions detected by colonoscopy were first diagnosed using the conventional view followed by chromoendoscopy with magnification. The diagnosis at each step was recorded consecutively. All polyps were completely removed endoscopically for histological evaluation. The accuracy rate of each type of endoscopic diagnosis was evaluated, using histological findings as gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 240 lesions were identified, of which 158 (65.8%) were non-neoplastic and 82 (34.2%) were adenomatous. The overall diagnostic accuracy of conventional view, and chromoendoscopy with magnification was 76.3% (183/240) and 95.4% (229/240), respectively (P< 0.001) CONCLUSION: The combination of colonoscopy and magnified chromoendoscopy is the most reliable non-biopsy method for distinguishing the non-neoplastic from the neoplastic lesions.     

应用变焦放大胃镜诊断胃黏膜糜烂

目的 探讨变焦放大胃镜在诊断和发现胃黏膜糜烂性病变中的作用。方法 以2002年8月至2003年3月在我院作内镜检查的3002例患者为对象，分成4组，分别用富士能普通胃镜EG-250，放大胃镜EG-410，EG-450和变焦放大胃镜EG-485ZH进行胃镜检查，并结合染色法，比较各组对于胃黏膜糜烂的诊断。结果 检查中共有516例发现胃黏膜有糜烂。其中EG-250组观察894例，发现糜烂122例，发现率13．6％；EG-410组观察1918例，发现糜烂336例，发现率17．5％；EG-450组观察122例，发现糜烂26例，发现率21．3％；EG-485组观察68例，发现糜烂32例，发现率47．1％。EG-485组与其他各组之间存在明显差异。结论 变焦放大胃镜可以明显提高胃黏膜糜烂性病变的诊断率。     

色素放大结肠镜诊断结直肠隆起性病变的临床应用

目的 探讨色素放大结直肠镜结合Kudo分型在诊断结直肠病变中的临床应用价值。方法 对125例病人行常规内镜诊断后，对结直肠新生儿进行染色并结合Kudo分型作出色素放大内镜诊断，取标本作病理检查，将仙和色素放大内镜诊断结果与病理诊断结果相比较，观察符合率。结果 在125例病灶中，普通内镜下诊断为炎性息肉，管状腺瘤，绒毛状腺瘤和结直肠癌的病理符合率分别为：95．6％，80．0％，90．0％和100％，总病理符合率为85．6％；色素放大内镜诊断的病理经分别为100．0％，93．8％，99％和100．0％，总病理经为95．2％。结论 色素放大结肠镜对判断结直肠病变的性质有较高的病理符合率，并能有效提高微小，表浅隆起型病灶的检出率，具有较高临床应用价值。     

A tiny esophageal cancer diagnosed accurately by magnifying endoscopy and endocytoscopy: report of a case

An 82-year-old woman presented for a periodic endoscopic examination after radiotherapy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of a cancer in the esophagus. Conventional endoscopy demonstrated a tiny, flat, reddish lesion about 1 mm in diameter proximal to the scar of the previous esophageal EMR. Observation after iodine staining showed an apparent unstained area in the lesion. Magnifying observation using a Q240Z (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) revealed a clearly demarcated aggregation of dilated intrapapillary capillary loops in this part of the lesion. Endocytoscopic observation (XEC120U prototype; Olympus) showed increased cellular density and irregularity of the epithelial nuclei. Endoscopic mucosal resection of the lesion was performed. Pathological studies of the resected specimen revealed a squamous cell carcinoma, maximal diameter 920 μm, confined to the epithelium. We believe that the Endocytoscope has the potential to reduce biopsy histology in cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.     

Magnifying endoscopy in the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's adenocarcinoma

Magnifying endoscopy with dye or acetic acid is useful for evaluating mucosal surface patterns in patients with Barrett's epithelium. Barrett's epithelium can be diagnosed on the basis of the presence of translucent longitudinal vessels. Specialized intestinal metaplasia frequently occurs in villous- or gyrus-type mucosa. Superficial Barrett's adenocarcinoma is associated with irregularities or destruction of mucosal surface patterns. Magnifying endoscopy combined with optical chromoendoscopy by new techniques for enhancement of vascular images, such as narrow-band imaging (NBI) and Fuji intelligent color enhancement (FICE), may further improve diagnostic accuracy. Irregularly arranged abnormal vessels appear in cancerous lesions. However, classification systems for characteristic vascular patterns have not been established. Whether vascular patterns are useful for diagnosing cancers with mild atypia remains an open question.     

Lobulated inflammatory myoglandular polyp in the ascending colon observed by magnifying endoscopy and treated with endoscopic polypectomy

The patient was a 33-year-old man with hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed a Iobulated peduncular polyp with bleeding, about 40 mm in diameter, in the ascending colon. The polyp had both red and white components and a mosaic pattern. Magnifying observation revealed a red rugged surface component, and smooth white nodules with enlarged round or oval crypt openings. Endoscopic polypectomy was performed. Histological examination of the specimen revealed inflammatory granulation tissue in the lamina propria, proliferation of smooth muscle, and hyperplastic glands with cystic change. This polyp was diagnosed as inflammatory myoglandular polyp （IMGP）. Lobulated-type IMGP in the ascending colon is rare.