大鼠肥大细胞组胺释放试验及方法学的探讨

从卵清蛋白免疫的SD大鼠胸腹腔中采集的肥大细胞,当以相同的变应原触发时引起肥大细胞释放组胺。用改良的荧光法测定组胺量,计算肥大细胞组胺释放率,实验结果表明,卵清蛋白免疫大鼠第3周肥大细胞组胺释放率达到高峰,在一定范围内,组胺释放率随变应原浓度增加而升高。绵羊抗大鼠IgE抗血清对正常大鼠肥大细胞亦有触发作用。这一试验可用于速发型过敏反应和抗过敏药物的研究。     

我国执业药师的素质缺陷及对策

当前我国执业药师普遍存在临床用药知识欠缺，本文对导致我国执业药师这一素质缺陷的原因进行剖析，准确定位，并围绕执业药师定位配套进行执业药师考试、不能很好履行处方审核及指导合理用药的职责。探讨解决对策。提出我国执业药师制度必须重新注册、继续教育以及其他相关制度的改革。     

Impact of aluminum adjuvants on the stability of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines

Development of a vaccine drug product requires formulation optimization to ensure that the vaccine’s effectiveness is preserved upon storage throughout the shelf-life of the product. Although aluminum adjuvants have been widely used in vaccine formulations to safely and effectively potentiate an immune response, careful attention must be directed towards ensuring that the type of aluminum adjuvant does not impact the stability of the antigenic composition. PCV15 is a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F), each individually conjugated to the protein carrier CRM197. PCV15 was formulated with either amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate adjuvant (AAHS) or aluminum phosphate adjuvant (AP) and examined for both stability and immunogenicity. Using a collection of methods to evaluate vaccine stability, it was discovered that certain PCV15 serotypes (e.g., 6A, 19A, 19F) formulated with AAHS resulted in a reduction of immunogenicity in vivo and a reduction in recoverable dose as tested by an in vitro potency assay. The same polysaccharide-protein conjugates formulated with AP were stable regarding all measures tested. Moreover, the reduction in potency of certain serotypes correlated with chemical degradation of the polysaccharide antigen caused by the aluminum adjuvant as measured by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), High-Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPSEC-UV) and ELISA immunoassay. This study suggests a formulation, which includes AAHS, may negatively impact the stability of a pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine that contains phosphodiester groups. This decrease in stability would likely result in a decrease in the “active” concentration of antigen dose, and herein, it is shown that such instability directly compromised vaccine immunogenicity in an animal model. The results presented in this study help to explain critical degradation mechanisms of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.