Circulating adiponectin levels are associated with peak oxygen uptake in Japanese

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the link between circulating adiponectin levels and peak oxygen uptake and/or physical activity in Japanese.

Methods

A total of 528 subjects (188 men and 340 women) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Circulating adiponectin levels, physical activity measured by tri-axial accelerometers, peak oxygen uptake and metabolic risk parameters were evaluated. We also assessed anthropometric factors, blood pressure, blood examinations and energy intake.

Results

Circulating adiponectin levels were 6.7 ± 3.0 μg/mL in men and 11.0 ± 4.9 μg/mL in women. Circulating adiponectin levels were positively correlated with physical fitness after adjusting for age, physical activity evaluated by Σ [metabolic equivalents × h per week (METs h/w)], cigarette smoking habit and energy intake in both sexes. However, these associations were attenuated further after adjusting for body mass index including other confounding factors, especially in men. However, circulating adiponectin levels were not associated with physical activity in either sex.

Conclusion

Circulating adiponectin levels were associated with peak oxygen uptake rather than physical activity.     

麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-流行性乙型脑炎联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性研究

目的考察麻疹-流行性腮腺炎（流腮）-流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）联合减毒活疫苗（Measles,Mumps and Japanese Encephalitis Combined Attenuated Live Vaccine;M-M-JEV）的稳定性。方法将M-M-JEV,37℃放置7d,检测病毒滴度;2-8℃放置0-25个月,检测外观、水分、病毒滴度、安全试验、异常毒性,0月和18个月时进行全检;（-30±2）℃放置0-30个月,检测外观、水分、病毒滴度、安全试验、异常毒性,0月、18个月、30个月时进行全检。结果所有检测结果,均符合2010年版《中华人民共和国药典》三部麻疹减毒活疫苗、流腮减毒活疫苗和乙脑减毒活疫苗的质量标准。结论 M-M-JEV有较好的稳定性。     

Skin Irritation to Glass Wool or Continuous Glass Filaments as Observed by a Patch Test among Human Japanese Volunteers

Glass wool and continuous glass filaments have been used in industry. We examined the irritability of those among Japanese. A patch test was performed on 43 volunteers for the followings: glass wool for non-residential use with and without a urea-modified phenolic resin binder, that for residential use with and without the binder, and continuous glass filaments with diameters of 4, 7, 9, and 13 µm. Materials were applied to an upper arm of each volunteer for 24 h. The skin was observed at 1 and 24 h after the removal. At 1 h after removal, slight erythema was observed on the skin of a woman after the exposure to glass wool for residential use without the binder. Erythema was observed on the skin of another woman at 1 h after a 24-h exposure to glass wool for non-residential use without the binder. There were no reactions at 24 h after the removal. The low reactions in the patch test suggested that the irritability caused by glass wool, irrespective of a resin component, could be induced mechanically, and that the irritability caused by continuous glass filaments with resin could be slight and either mechanical or chemical.     

Concomitant administration of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine (JE-CV) and measles,mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine: Randomized study in toddlers in Taiwan

Background

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia.

Methods

In this randomized, open-label, multicenter trial in 550 children aged 12 to 18 months in Taiwan, children received one dose of JE-CV and one dose of MMR vaccine. Vaccines were either administered separately 6 weeks apart (Groups ‘JE-CV’ and ‘MMR’, named after which vaccine was given first), or concomitantly (Group ‘Co-Ad’). JE neutralizing antibody titers were assessed using PRNT₅₀. MMR antibody levels were determined by ELISA.

Results

All groups had low seroprotection/seropositivity rates (<10%) before vaccination for all antigens. Forty two days after vaccination, on either Study Day 42 or 84, seroconversion rates for all antigens were high in all groups, irrespective of the order of vaccinations. Seroconversion for JE ranged from 96.9% in Group Co-Ad on D42 to 100% in Group MMR. Non-inferiority was demonstrated for all analyses as the lower bound of the 95% CI of the difference in seroconversion rates between groups was above the pre-defined limit of −10.0%. The immune responses remained high for all antigens and well above the level of protection 12 months after vaccination in all groups. There were no safety concerns.

Conclusions

JE-CV is safe and induces a strong protective immune response which persists over 1 year when co-administered with MMR vaccine.     

Characterization of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine virus SA14-14-2

The live attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine SA14-14-2 was licensed decades ago and now approved for clinical use in most JE endemic countries. Large-scale clinical trials demonstrate ideal safety and efficacy profile of this Chinese vaccine. The SA14-14-2 vaccine was derived from a virulent strain SA14 after hundreds of serial passaging in cells and animals, concern about virulence reversion remains exist. In the present study, to study the in vitro and in vivo genetic and attenuation stability of the vaccine virus, SA14-14-2 was serially passaged in Vero cells and mouse brain followed by sequence comparison and attenuation phenotype analysis. The results showed that no significant mutation was acquired after serial passaging in Vero cells except a single Ser66Leu mutation within capsid protein, which had no effect on viral virulence in mice. Importantly, serial passaging of SA14-14-2 in suckling mouse brain resulted in emergence of adaptive mutations and increased virulence in mice. Population and plaque-purified clone consensus sequence analysis showed four adaptive mutations in envelope (E) protein, F107L, K138E, T226R and I270T, sequentially occurred and become predominant during serial passaging in suckling mouse brain. Especially, these adaptive mutations were close related with the enhanced neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice. Our results provide experimental evidence of highly genetic and attenuation stability of SA14-14-2 following passaging in Vero cells, and reveal the potential virulence reversion during passaging in mouse brain in association with critical adaptive mutations in E protein. These findings are important for quality control and evaluation of live JE vaccines and will help understand the attenuation mechanism of flavivirus vaccine.