Hepatitis and cholestasis in infancy: clinical and nutritional aspects

A major complication of cholestasis is fat malabsorption related to decreased intestinal bile acids, which leads to malnutrition and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. The impaired excretion of bile acids leads to a low intraluminal micellar concentration that causes long-chain triglyceride lipolysis and absorption to be ineffective. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are more readily absorbed when there are low concentrations of bile acids and therefore are a good source of fat calories; MCTs can be administered as MCT-containing formulas. In those children who are unable to take sufficient calories by mouth, it is important to start nocturnal enteral feeding to improve nutritional status. In infants with cholestasis, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) that require bile acids is also impaired, and supplementation is mandatory. Vitamin K deficiency may be responsible for hypoprothrombinaemia, which may lead to bleeding diathesis, Vitamin K (phytomenadione) should therefore be promptly administered intravenously, at a dose of 1 mg. Chronic vitamin E (α-tocopherol) deficiency is associated with a progressive neuromuscular syndrome that can cause cerebellar ataxia, areflexia and peripheral neuropathy. Supplements are given orally in doses of 3–5 times the normal requirement if cholestasis is incomplete. In complete cholestasis, supplements must be given intramuscularly at monthly intervals. In infants who fail to thrive, dietary supplements of carbohydrate polymers and MCTs are required.     

Cholestasis in newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia

Abstract Objective : The aim of this study was to characterize the liver involvement in infants who have both neonatal asphyxia and neonatal cholestasis. Methods : We describe four asphyctic newborn infants (three born at term) who developed early (age 3.8 ± 2.1 days) intrahepatic neonatal cholestasis and in whom tests for causes of neonatal liver damage were negative. Results : The clinical picture and course were benign and similar to that of sporadic "idiopathic" neonatal hepatitis. Clinical signs and abnormal liver function tests tended to normalize within the first year of life in all. Conjugated bilirubin became normal at 6 months after the onset of cholestasis, while liver enzymes tended towards normal values thereafter, within 1 year of follow-up. Liver biopsy (taken in one patient) showed a typical picture of giant cell hepatitis; ultrastructure was nonspecific. Significance : Our results suggest that isolated asphyxia should be taken into account as a potential causal factor in term or pre-term asphyctic newborns who develop early "idiopathic" neonatal cholestasis.     

小儿哮喘甲襞微循环及血液流变学观察

小儿哮喘甲襞微循环及血液流变学观察李荣，刘昕，蒋红雨，曹序茂１９９４年３月～１９９５年８月，我们通过对３２例哮喘患儿急性发作期及缓解期甲襞微循环和血液流变性的对比观测，探讨采用中医活血化瘀疗法防治小儿哮喘的可行性。临床资料根据全国儿科哮喘协作组１９９...     

无症状乙肝病毒感染对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症妊娠结局影响的探讨

目的:探讨无症状乙肝病毒感染对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)的发生率及妊娠结局的影响。方法:采用回顾性调查方法对乙肝病毒感染的ICP孕妇118例和无乙肝病毒感染的ICP孕妇478例进行对比分析,利用卡方检验进行统计学分析,观察乙肝病毒感染对ICP的发生率及妊娠结局的影响。结果:有乙肝病毒感染孕妇的妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症ICP发生率明显高于无乙肝病毒感染的孕妇(P<0.01),前者出现瘙痒症状时间明显早于后者(P<0.01)。有乙肝病毒感染的ICP孕妇的早产发生率也高于无乙肝病毒感染的孕妇(P<0.01)。两组ICP孕妇产后24h阴道出血量差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:无症状乙肝病毒感染可以使ICP的发生率增高,易引起早产,因此应加强对这类患者的孕产期监护和治疗,保证母婴的健康和安全。     

腔镜肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石的可行性和微创分析

目的：对腔镜肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的可行性和微创进行分析，实现对胆结石的治疗。方法：选取本院的24例胆结石患者进行治疗，在腹腔镜下对患者进行胆结石的切除，患者在切除的过程中均无任何不适现象，患者的切除手术均成功完成。结果：24例患者整体上手术均顺利完成，手术中没有出现任何出血现象，患者没有术后并发症。结论：在宫腔镜下对患者肝内胆结石进行切除的效果显著。     

HBV相关肝硬化结节的多模态超声诊断价值

目的采用多模态超声对HBV相关肝硬化背景内结节进行评估并分类。方法选取2013年10月~2016年10月于浙江中医药大学附属杭州市西溪医院就诊的HBV相关性肝硬化患者200例,其中病理诊断为增生结节(RN)者51例,不典型增生结节(DN)者57例,其中低级别不典型增生结节(LGDN)27例,高级别不典型增生结节(HGDN)30例,肝细胞肝癌(HCC)为17例,均行多模态二维超声、彩色多普勒、超声造影检查,对比不同病理类型的结节多模态超声特征性表现,进一步将肝硬化背景肝内结节分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4类。采用χ~2检验比较不同大小、超声造影不同增强模式肝硬化背景肝内DN及HCC检出率的差异。结果直径2.0~3.0 cm结节25个,均为HCC与DN;直径1.0~2.0 cm结节94个,4个为HCC,24个为HGDN;直径1.0 cm结节6个,全部为RN;不同大小肝硬化背景肝内结节HCC与DN检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。RN结节主要以"等进等出"增强模式为主,LGDN主要以"慢进等出"增强模式为主,HGDN及HCC主要以"快进快出"增强模式为主,不同组间不同的增强模式差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而HCC与HGDN在造影剂进入时间、达峰时间、流出时间上差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类结节在DN及HCC检出率上差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多模态超声对于HBV相关肝硬化肝内结节进行评估、分类,对于HGDN及HCC早期诊断有一定帮助。     

Post mortem CT of intrahepatic gas distribution in twenty-seven victims of a flood: Patterns and timing

We reported the results of post mortem computed tomography of the liver in 27 subjects dead simultaneously during a flood. The aim of our work was to identify the different patterns of post mortem intrahepatic gas distribution and the timing of its appearance. Although post mortem CT is the method of choice for the evaluation of gas distribution, controversies exist about the first site of appearance of intrahepatic gas (portal veins versus hepatic veins) as well as the timing and steps of intrahepatic gas spreading. In each subject we performed thin slice CT scanner (Somatom Definition, Siemens) and post processing of native CT images with Minimum Intensity Projection technique.Our results show that the first site of appearance of intrahepatic gas is portal veins. Gas in hepatic veins was never seen without the presence of the gas in portal vein. Gaseous cysts in hepatic parenchyma represent a further and usually more tardive pattern of intrahepatic gas distribution.In addition, we demonstrated that differences in timing of gas spreading was statistically significative for exclusive presence of portal veins gas before 48 h as well as for complete substitution of hepatic parenchyma by cysts 64 h after death.In conclusion, our work shows that the CT study of postmortem intrahepatic gas distribution could be a useful complementary tool both in demonstrating the mechanism of intrahepatic gas spreading and in estimating post mortem interval.     

护理干预在妊娠期胆汁淤积综合征患者中的应用

目的:探讨综合护理干预在妊娠期胆汁淤积综合征患者中的的临床应用价值.方法:选择2009年1月-2011年1月在我院进行分娩的82例妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征患者,将35例在我院门诊筛查并入院确诊为妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征,接受治疗,然后在我院分娩的患者作为治疗组,47例因未在我院进行产前检查,入院时诊断为妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积综合征但已临产或近临产未能接受治疗的为对照组,对照组采取常规护理,治疗组采用护理干预.比较两组患者的临床护理效果.结果:对照组新生儿窒息、羊水粪染、剖宫产比例明显高于治疗组(P＜0.05);而两组早产、新生儿死亡、产后出血率比较差异无明显的统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗组ALT、AST、CG指标明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:综合护理干预可以减少妊娠期胆汁淤积综合征患者的不良预后,值得临床推广应用.