职业性三硝基甲苯白内障45例治疗前后眼部血流动力学分析

目的 对职业性三硝基甲苯(TNT)白内障患者治疗前后眼部血流动力学改变进行分析,了解其治疗效果.方法 对广西壮族自治区职业病防治研究院2010-2012年期间收治45例职业性TNT白内障患者的临床资料进行回顾性的分析,采用黄芪注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽滴眼液对45例患者实施治疗,B超检查眼动脉、视网膜中央动脉血流改变情况,比较、分析治疗前、后的眼部血流动力学情况.结果 经过一段的时间的治疗以后,45例职业性TNT白内障患者眼部的眼动脉收缩期的平均血流速度、眼动脉舒张期的平均血流速度、视网膜中央动脉收缩期的平均血流速度、视网膜中央动脉舒张期的平均血流速度与治疗前比较都有提高,其中眼动脉和视网膜中央动脉收缩期血流速度与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 职业性TNT白内障患者,其眼部周围的血液循环存在供血不足的问题,采用黄芪注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽滴眼液的治疗方法来扩张眼部血管、增加眼部血流量,对于改善TNT白内障患者眼部的血流动力、促进其视力恢复具有积极意义.     

Cost-effectiveness of maternal immunization against neonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus in the Netherlands

BackgroundNeonatal invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection causes considerable disease burden in the Netherlands. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) prevents early-onset disease (EOD), but has no effect on late-onset disease (LOD). A potential maternal GBS vaccine could prevent both EOD and LOD by conferring immunity in neonates.ObjectiveExplore under which circumstances maternal vaccination against GBS would be cost-effective as an addition to, or replacement for the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands.MethodsWe assessed the maximum cost-effective price per dose of a trivalent (serotypes Ia, Ib, and III) and hexavalent (additional serotypes II, IV, and V) GBS vaccine in addition to, or as a replacement for IAP. To project the prevented costs and disease burden, a decision tree model was developed to reflect neonatal GBS disease and long-term health outcomes among a cohort based on 169,836 live births in the Netherlands in 2017.ResultsUnder base-case conditions, maternal immunization with a trivalent vaccine would gain 186 QALYs and prevent more than €3.1 million in health care costs when implemented in addition to IAP. Immunization implemented as a replacement for IAP would gain 88 QALYs compared to the current prevention strategy, prevent €1.5 million in health care costs, and avoid potentially ~ 30,000 IAP administrations. The base-case results correspond to a maximum price of €58 per dose (vaccine + administration costs; using a threshold of €20,000/QALY). Expanding the serotype coverage to a hexavalent vaccine would only have a limited additional impact on the cost-effectiveness in the Netherlands.ConclusionsA maternal GBS vaccine could be cost-effective when implemented in addition to the current risk factor-based IAP prevention strategy in the Netherlands. Discontinuation of IAP would save costs and prevent antibiotic use, however, is projected to lead to a lower health gain compared to vaccination in addition to IAP.     

Moderate alcohol consumption and lower total mortality risk: Justified doubts or established facts?

For almost a century, the scientific community is aware of the J-shaped curve between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. Moderate drinkers seem to live longer than both abstainers and heavy drinkers. These epidemiological observations regarding moderate alcohol consumption and beneficial health effects have been incessantly scrutinised for confounding and bias. This viewpoint discusses previous and recent criticisms regarding the J-shaped curve between alcohol consumption and total mortality risk. The controversies regarding the J-shaped curve between alcohol consumption and mortality are ongoing, as well as the debate among scientists in this area of research, resulting in conflicting messages in media and in different alcohol guidelines. Although it appears quite difficult to come up with a position statement only based on the currently available scientific data, it is imperative to fairly inform the public, without creating confusion and, worst case, disbelief in science.