太原市某小学学生健康生活方式知识·态度·行为

目的了解小学生与健康生活方式有关的知识、态度、行为现况,为相应的干预研究提供科学依据.方法采用问卷调查法对太原市桃园小学三～五年级824名学生进行调查.结果健康生活方式知识(48.35分)、态度(18.52分)、行为(59.58分)问卷得分小学生均未达到及格水平,且男生在知识方面的得分显著高于女生(P＜0.05);三、五年级小学生的知识得分显著高于四年级(P值均＜0.05),三、四年级小学生的态度得分显著高于五年级(P值均＜0.05).结论对小学生进行健康生活方式的教育干预不仅必要,而且迫切.     

营养教育对幼儿家长营养知识·态度·行为的影响

目的了解营养教育对合肥市幼儿家长营养知识、态度与行为的影响,以便为制定幼儿营养干预措施的制定提供科学依据.方法采取随机、分层、整群抽样的方法在合肥市选取8所幼儿园,随机分为干预组和对照组.在干预组幼儿园定期举办家长营养知识培训班,并将编写的幼儿营养知识手册分发给家长学习.采用自拟调查问卷对干预前、干预中期和终期幼儿家长营养知识、态度与行为进行调查.结果组间比较显示,干预组家长的营养知识水平明显提高,每周吃1～2次及以上水果、牛奶、鱼类的人数增加.自身对照研究显示,通过营养教育,干预组家长每周吃1～2次及以上杂粮、牛奶、水产品、海带和紫菜的人数增加,而吃畜肉、街头小吃、西餐的人数减少.无论是干预组还是对照组,家长对接受营养知识均持积极的态度.结论营养教育对家长的营养知识、态度和行为有积极的影响,可通过书籍、报刊、杂志、电视节目、专家义务讲座等途径进行.     

Impacts of Informal Caregiver Availability on Long-term Care Expenditures in OECD Countries

Objective. To quantify the effects of informal caregiver availability and public funding on formal long-term care (LTC) expenditures in developed countries.
Data Source/Study Setting. Secondary data were acquired for 15 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1970 to 2000.
Study Design. Secondary data analysis, applying fixed- and random-effects models to time-series cross-sectional data. Outcome variables are inpatient or home heath LTC expenditures. Key explanatory variables are measures of the availability of informal caregivers, generosity in public funding for formal LTC, and the proportion of the elderly population in the total population.
Data Collection/Extraction Method. Aggregated macro data were obtained from OECD Health Data, United Nations Demographic Yearbooks, and U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base.
Principal Findings. Most of the 15 OECD countries experienced growth in LTC expenditures over the study period. The availability of a spouse caregiver, measured by male-to-female ratio among the elderly, is associated with a $28,840 (1995 U.S. dollars) annual reduction in formal LTC expenditure per additional elderly male. Availability of an adult child caregiver, measured by female labor force participation and full-time/part-time status shift, is associated with a reduction of $310 to $3,830 in LTC expenditures. These impacts on LTC expenditure vary across countries and across time within a country.
Conclusions. The availability of an informal caregiver, particularly a spouse caregiver, is among the most important factors explaining variation in LTC expenditure growth. Long-term care policies should take into account behavioral responses: decreased public funding in LTC may lead working women to leave the labor force to provide more informal care.     

Perspectives on colorectal cancer screening: a focus group study

Objective To assess attitudes and acceptability of Ontario consumers and doctors towards colorectal screening with faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and colonoscopy. Design, setting and participants Focus groups with gender‐specific samples of the population, high‐risk gastroenterology patients and family doctors. Method Semi‐structured interview guides used by facilitator to lead groups through knowledge of risk factors and prevention of colorectal cancer, the screening modalities, requirements for implementing screening programmes, barriers to screening and preferences towards screening. Main findings There were low levels of knowledge about colorectal cancer and its prevention in the general population. FOBT was an acceptable screening modality, but considerable education about its use and benefits would be necessary to implement a screening programme. Colonoscopy was not perceived to be a good choice for a primary screen in the general population. The high‐risk group supported use of FOBT in the general population and emphasized the need for education. The doctors were more reluctant about screening, requesting clear guidelines. They also identified the time and resources that would be required if a screening programme were initiated. Conclusion While colorectal screening is acceptable in this sample, information and decision aids are required to enable consumers and providers to make effective decisions. Implementation of colorectal screening programmes requires substantial educational efforts for both consumers and doctors.     

艾滋病流行地区儿童艾滋病相关知识态度行为调查

目的了解艾滋病流行地区儿童的艾滋病知识、态度和行为,对有关儿童权利的认知和一般卫生行为作出需求评估。方法选取皖北地区艾滋病高发的1个乡镇,采取分层整群抽样方法,随机选择7个村,对所有10~17岁儿童进行面对面访谈。结果在238名参加调查的儿童中,82.4%没有听说过儿童权利公约,都希望在村里建立儿童活动中心。有94.5%听说过艾滋病,正确回答80%及以上问题的比例为58.8%,男性低于女性(52.2%和67.3%,χ2=5.49,P=0.019)。儿童知道三大传播途径的顺序为血液>性>母婴(91.1%,86.5%和58.8%,χ2=84.14,P<0.001)。有22.3%的调查对象不希望艾滋病感染者继续住在村里,79.3%愿意继续同感染了艾滋病的朋友来往,97.3%的愿意照顾自己感染了艾滋病的家人。绝大多数认为儿童应该了解艾滋病(97.7%),愿意学习更多的艾滋病知识(96.4%)。结论艾滋病流行地区的儿童掌握了一定的艾滋病防治知识,并具备一定的有利于艾滋病防治的态度,但仍有待于提高;对艾滋病防治知识具有很高的主观需求。     

我国6城市中小学教职工烟草与健康的知信行调查

目的了解中小学教职工烟草与健康相关知识、信念及行为现状,为有效开展学校控烟健康教育提供依据。方法对北京、上海、天津、深圳、濮阳、长沙随机抽取的29所中小学教职工进行统一问卷调查。结果只有66.63%的教职工正确回答了10项及以上问题,但知晓烟草主要危害成分的教职工只有29.54%。教职工的正确信念持有率只有20.26%,50%左右的教职工认为“吸烟有助于社交”、“吸烟是个人自由,他人不应该干涉”。教职工吸烟率为14.81%,男教职工为47.39%;35岁及以上教职工、文化程度较低者以及中学教职工吸烟率显著较高。92.01%的教职工认为有必要在学校开展预防吸烟教育活动;55.46%的教职工认为在教学中结合有关吸烟与健康的内容存在困难,主要原因是由于缺乏材料或指导;仅有24.31%的授课教师在教学中提及烟草与健康相关内容。结论应对教师进行控烟知识科普教育和技能指导,改善学校的社会环境和人文环境。     

湖北省不同人群艾滋病相关知识、态度比较分析

目的评估城乡居民、大中学生预防艾滋病相关知识和态度等情况,为制定下一个艾滋病防治5年规划提供相关知识、态度、行为等方面指标的参考依据,并为今后更有针对性地开展艾滋病健康教育提供信息基础。方法分层抽样,自行设计调查问卷,对城乡居民和大中学生开展问卷调查。结果艾滋病相关知识总体知晓率较高,个别知识知晓率较低;4类人群艾滋病相关知识得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),艾滋病相关知识性题目总分10分,城市居民得分为8.0分、农村居民7.0分、中学生7.0分,大学生8.0分;4类人群对艾滋病感染者的态度不够宽容,知识和态度存在不一致的情况;年龄和文化程度是影响艾滋病相关知识掌握情况的两种因素。结论今后湖北省艾滋病健康教育应着重于传播目标人群知晓率较低的知识条目;广泛宣传关爱艾滋病患者的典型事例,扭转人们对艾滋病感染者的不正确态度;传播对象以农村居民和低文化程度者为重点。     

黄芪和硫酸锌对肠缺血-再灌注致肺损伤的防治作用

目的：研究黄芪、硫酸锌对肠缺血-再灌注(I／R)过程中肺脂质过氧化变化的影响并探讨其机制。方法：采用夹闭兔肠系膜上动脉及松央再灌注，复制损伤模犁。将动物随机分成4组，观察黄芪、硫酸锌对人、出肺血及肺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、黄嘌呤氧化酶（XO)、丙二醛(MDA)及肺表面活性物质(PS)含量的影响。结果：肠I／R过程中伴有急性肺损伤，静脉给予黄芪及硫酸锌可使再灌注后XO及MDA含量降低，且可防止SOD和PS减少。结论：黄芪、硫酸锌通过抗脂质过氧化能减轻或住一定程度上防止急性肺损伤的发生和发展。     

加大教学改革力度提高成人教育办学质量

根据国家对发展成人高等教育的要求,以中国药科大学为例,具体探讨了医药院校进行成人教育教学改革的措施,以期为发展医药院校成人高等教育提供思路。