Identification of Differential Patterns of Oxidative Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Progression

IntroductionOxidative stress has been found to be associated with the progression of prostate cancer (PCa); however, human studies which identify differential roles of each oxidation pathway in PCa progression are lacking. We aimed to identify which oxidative stress markers, specifically lipid and global oxidation and glycation, are associated with PCa progression.Patients and MethodsWe recruited 3 groups of patients from a urologic clinic at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center: men with PCa who had undergone prostatectomy, men with PCa under watchful waiting, and men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We used the most commonly used lipid oxidation marker, F2-isoprostanes; global oxidation markers, fluorescent oxidation products (FlOPs); and the commonly used marker for advanced glycation end products, carboxymethyllysine. These biomarkers were measured in plasma samples at baseline entry. Plasma prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was measured at enrollment and follow-up visits.ResultsCompared with men with BPH, men with PCa who had undergone prostatectomy had 26% (P = .01) higher levels of F2-isoprostanes and 20% (P = .08) higher levels of carboxymethyllysine. All the oxidation markers were similar when comparing men under watchful waiting with men with BPH. When examining the associations between baseline oxidation markers and follow-up PSAs, we found that different oxidation markers had differential patterns associated with PSA elevation. F2-isoprostanes were positively associated with PSA elevation among men with PCa; FlOP_320 was positively associated with PSA elevation among both men with PCa and men with BPH, whereas among men with PCa under watchful waiting, FlOP_360 and FlOP_400 had opposite trends of associations with PSA elevation.ConclusionsOur study suggested that high levels of lipid oxidation were associated with PCa progression, whereas different global oxidation markers had different patterns associated with PCa progression. Large-scale clinical studies are needed to confirm our associations. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the relationship between biomarkers and PCa progression.     

Maillard reaction and immunogenicity of protein therapeutics

The recombinant DNA technology enabled the production of a variety of human therapeutic proteins. Accumulated clinical experience, however, indicates that the formation of antibodies against such proteins is a general phenomenon rather than an exception. The immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins results in inefficient therapy and in the development of undesired, sometimes life-threatening, side reactions. The human proteins, designed for clinical application, usually have the same amino acid sequence as their native prototypes and it is not yet fully clear what the reasons for their immunogenicity are. In previous studies we have demonstrated for the first time that interferon-β (IFN-β) pharmaceuticals, used for treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis, do contain advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that contribute to IFN-β immunogenicity. AGEs are the final products of a chemical reaction known as the Maillard reaction or glycation, which implication in protein drugs’ immunogenicity has been overlooked so far. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to provide a comprehensive overview on the Maillard reaction with emphasis on experimental data and theoretical consideration telling us why the Maillard reaction warrants special attention in the context of the well-documented protein drugs’ immunogenicity.     

补脾肾活血中药对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质糖基化终产物受体mRNA表达的影响

目的观察补脾肾活血中药对糖尿病大鼠肾皮质糖基化终产物(AGEs)含量及其受体mRNA(RAGE mRNA)表达的影响,探讨补脾肾活血中药防治糖尿病肾病(DN)的机制.方法采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)左下腹腔内单次注射造成糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分糖尿病组、中药组及氨基胍组,另设正常对照组.用荧光光谱法测定肾皮质AGEs含量,用RT-PCR的方法检测肾皮质RAGEmRNA的表达.结果糖尿病组大鼠肾皮质AGEs含量明显增加,RAGE mRNA出现过度表达.中药组治疗12周后肾皮质AGEs含量明显减少,RAGE mRNA表达明显下调,与糖尿病组比较都有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论补脾肾活血中药能够通过减少AGEs在肾皮质的积累,下调糖尿病大鼠肾皮质RAGE mRNA的过度表达,从而防治糖尿病肾病.     

糖基化终产物对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

目的 研究糖基化终产物对结缔组织生长因子(CTGF mRNA)及蛋白质表达的影响,探讨糖基化终产物致动脉粥样硬化机制. 方法 采用组织块贴壁法培养大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞.反转录聚合酶链反应、蛋白免疫印迹法检测血管平滑肌细胞结缔组织生长因子mRNA及蛋白质的表达. 结果 随着糖基化修饰的牛血清白蛋白(AGE-BSA)的干预浓度(100、200、400 mg/L)升高,CTGF mRNA的表达水平呈上升趋势,分别为(0.78±0.03)、(1.15±0.03)、(1.40±0.04)mg/L,与未干预(0.40±0.02)mg/L比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同浓度间差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05).以200 mg/L的AGE-BSA对平滑肌细胞分别干预0、4、8、16、24、48、72 h,发现4 h时CTGF mRNA表达即已升高(0.93±0.04)mg/L,8 h时最高(1.29±0.04)mg/L,以后虽略有下降,但仍维持较高水平. 结论 糖基化终产物促进血管平滑肌细胞表达结缔组织生长因子,可能是其致动脉粥样硬化机制中的一个重要方面.     

糖基化终产物对凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1表达的影响

目的 研究长期高血糖所致糖基化终产物对巨噬细胞凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1表达的影响.方法 U937细胞经佛波酯诱导分化,并将不同浓度或同一浓度糖基化终产物与诱导分化48 h后的U937细胞共同孵育,用Western Blotting法检测凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1蛋白的表达.同时应用ELISA法测定24例2型糖尿病患者及22例正常对照者血清可溶性氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1的含量.结果 100、200和400 mg/L 糖基化终产物刺激后细胞表面凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1蛋白表达量分别是对照组的1.85、3.22和4.65倍(P<0.05);400 mg/L的糖基化终产物作用12、24、48 h后,U937巨噬细胞该受体蛋白表达量分别为0 h的2.85、3.89和4.3倍(P<0.05).糖尿病患者血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1及糖基化终产物含量较正常对照者显著升高(P<0.01),两者呈正相关(P<0.001). 结论糖基化终产物可增加U937巨噬细胞凝集素样氧化型低密度脂蛋白受体1蛋白表达且呈浓度和时间依赖性.这可能与糖尿病患者加速泡沫细胞形成而易致动脉粥样硬化有关.     

The effects of glycation on the binding of human serum albumin to warfarin and l-tryptophan

Diabetes leads to elevated levels of glucose in blood which, in turn, can lead to the non-enzymatic glycation of serum proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA). It has been suggested that this increase in glycation can alter the ability of HSA to bind to drugs and other small solutes. This study used high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) to see if there is any significant change related to glycation in the binding of HSA to warfarin and l-tryptophan, which are often used as probe compounds for Sudlow sites I and II of HSA in drug binding studies with this protein. It was found through frontal analysis studies that both of these compounds gave a good fit to a single-site binding model with glycated HSA under the conditions used in this study. There was no significant change in the association equilibrium constants or specific activities for warfarin with HSA at pH 7.4 and 37 °C under glycation conditions that were representative of those expected in pre-diabetes or diabetes, but a 4.7- to 5.8-fold increase in binding affinity for l-tryptophan with glycated HSA was observed. These results indicate that warfarin and l-tryptophan can be successively used as site-selective probes for glycated HSA; however, changes in the affinity of l-tryptophan may need to be considered in such an application. These results should be valuable in future competition studies using these compounds as probes to examine the interactions of other drugs and solutes with Sudlow sites I and II and to determine how changes in HSA glycation can affect the serum protein binding of various pharmaceutical agents during diabetes.     

The cross-link breaker, N-phenacylthiazolium bromide prevents vascular advanced glycation end-product accumulation

Aims/hypothesis. Advanced glycation is postulated to have a pivotal role in mediating diabetic vascular complications. The emergence of thiazolium compounds such as N-phenacylthiazolium bromide which cleave preformed advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has allowed us to explore the effects of these agents on the vascular AGE accumulation and hypertrophy associated with diabetes. Methods. Control and streptozotocin diabetic rats were selected at random for no treatment or treatment with N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and followed for 3 weeks. In a separate study, intervention with N-phenacylthiazolium bromide was delayed until after 3 weeks of diabetes and then given for 3 weeks (total of 6 weeks). Results. Diabetes was associated with increased mesenteric vascular advanced glycation end products, as assessed by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. This increase in vascular AGE accumulation was prevented by N-phenacylthiazolium bromide treatment. Diabetes-associated mesenteric vascular hypertrophy was attenuated by treatment with N-phenacylthiazolium bromide only if given from the time of induction of diabetes. Conclusion/interpretation. Cross-link breakers seem to be effective in preventing or reversing accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in blood vessels and have the potential to play a part in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 660–664] Received: 28 September 1999 and in revised form: 10 February 2000     

Importance of measuring products of non-enzymatic glycation of proteins

Non-enzymatic glycation products are a complex and heterogeneous group of compounds which accumulate in plasma and tissues in diabetes and renal failure. There is emerging evidence that these compounds may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic complications associated with diabetes and renal failure. So measurement of the products of non-enzymatic glycation has a twofold meaning: on one hand, measurement of early glycation products can estimate the extent of exposure to glucose and the subject's previous metabolic control; on the other hand, measurement of intermediate and late products of the glycation reaction is a precious instrument in verifying the relationship between glycation products and tissue modifications. This review summarizes current knowledge about the diagnostic utility of measuring non-enzymatic glycation products.