Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary calcium intake in the general population

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessing dietary calcium intake in the general population, since all available questionnaires at present are age- and/or gender-specific. A total of 1001 individuals (including children, adults, and elderly people of both genders) were randomly recruited throughout Greece. Estimates of calcium intake from the 30-item FFQ were compared with those from a multi-pass 24-h recall. The FFQ underestimated mean calcium intake compared to the 24-h recall by (mean±SD) –133±333 mg/day or –5.4±47.6% (P<0.001). The two methods were strongly correlated (r=0.639, P<0.001), but the 95% limits of agreement for individual assessment were rather wide, as the FFQ could provide estimates of calcium intake from 533 mg/day above to 799 mg/day below the 24-h recall. Actual values for surrogate FFQ quartiles manifested a progressive increase, with significant differences between mean calcium intakes (P<0.001). The FFQ could identify individuals who consumed less calcium than 800 mg/day or less than the age-specific adequate intake with a relatively high sensitivity (82.8 and 95.5%, respectively), but low specificity (54.9 and 34.1%, respectively). Cross-classification analysis indicated that only 17 subjects (1.7%) were grossly misclassified (lowest quartile for one method and highest quartile for the other), while 827 subjects (82.6%) were correctly classified (into the same or adjacent quartiles). The FFQ could be used in population-based epidemiological studies or screening programs involving individuals of all ages and both genders, where the discrimination of subjects with relatively low (<500 mg/day) and relatively high (>1000 mg/day) calcium intakes is of primary interest. Results, however, do not support its use for the quantitative assessment of individual calcium intakes.     

不同色谱柱测定阿莫西林胶囊有关物质的差异性研究

目的：研究不同色谱柱测定阿莫西林胶囊有关物质的差异性。方法：柱温、检测波长、流速分别为30℃、254nm、1.0ml/min,流动相 A、B 分别为0.05 mol / L 磷酸盐缓冲液－乙腈（99：1）、0.05 mol / L 磷酸盐缓冲液－乙腈（80：20）。结果：在4个厂家样品中,色谱柱3均具有最大的杂质检出量,而在 A、C、D3个厂家样品中,色谱柱1、2、4具有相似的最大杂质检出量,在 B 厂家样品中,色谱柱2具有较小的最大杂质检出量,色谱柱1、4则具有相似的最大杂质检出量;总杂质的检出情况基本类似于最大杂质的检出情况。在4个厂家样品中,色谱柱3具有最大的总杂质检出量和最多的检出杂质峰,色谱柱2具有最小的总杂质检出量。在 A 厂家样品中,色谱柱1、2、4具有相似的总杂质检出量,在 C、D 厂家样品中,色谱柱1、2、4具有相似的总杂质检出量,在 B 厂家样品中,色谱柱2具有较小的总杂质检出量,色谱柱1、4具有相似的总杂质检出量。结论：不同色谱柱测定阿莫西林胶囊有关物质具有较大的差异,从总体上来看,色谱柱3最好。     

高脂饮食诱导的内脏肥胖小鼠模型存在性别差异

目的:比较不同性别BALB/c小鼠采用高脂饮食建立肥胖模型的差异。方法:32只4周龄无特定病原体级BALB/c小鼠（雌雄各半）随机分为雌性对照组、雌性高脂组、雄性对照组和雄性高脂组,每组8只。雌性对照组和雄性对照组采用普通饮食,雌性高脂组和雄性高脂组采用高脂饲料喂养,喂养12周后测量小鼠体重、内脏脂肪比、空腹血糖、葡萄糖耐量、血脂、代谢相关激素水平,并采用16S rRNA测序检测小鼠粪便菌群构成。结果:高脂饮食干预导致雄性小鼠体重和内脏脂肪比明显增加,病理表现为单个脂肪面积明显增大,肝脏脂肪滴堆积,总胆固醇、空腹血糖、口服糖耐量试验时间-血糖曲线下面积以及血清胰岛素水平明显上升（均P<0.05）,并出现明显胰岛素抵抗（P<0.01）。而雌性高脂组体重、内脏脂肪比、血清胰岛素和瘦素水平与雌性对照组差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。高脂干预后小鼠肥胖相关肠道菌群相对丰度显著变化并存在性别差异,其中雄性高脂组肥胖相关菌属（如布劳特菌）相对丰度明显增加,菌群结构变化更明显。结论:高脂饮食喂养12周4周龄BALB/c雄性小鼠可稳定建立以内脏脂肪堆积、代谢功能紊乱和肠道菌群变...     

校园性暴力的现状与思考

目的：将校园性暴力纳入校园性别暴力的体系之中,从性别和权力的角度进行分析和研究校园性暴力。方法：从定义、现状、目前的处理方式及对策四个方面对我国校园性暴力问题进行综述研究和分析。结果：我国校园性男1】暴力主要围绕性暴力进行研究,且性暴力的研究缺乏从性别和权力的角度进行分析研究。结论：校园性侵害或性骚扰都是性暴力的一种,也是校园性别暴力的一种,更是父权社会体制下不平等的性别与权利关系的表现形式,我国文化背景下对于校园中性暴力问题常常被消极的隐瞒,更没有得到足够的重视。     

身体性别与心理性别

在想象中实施的身体性别差异实验结果表明：在女性和男性之间只存在很小的身体性别差异,女性和男性之间的共同性远远超出了差异性。为了提高两性之间的吸引力,人类创造出了丰富多彩的社会性别文化,从而使几乎每个人类成员在心理上都认为女性和男性是两种完全不同种类的生物,它们在各个方面都表现出看似天生的性别差异。在心理性别文化的影响下,由于女性和男性建立的与爱情相关信息库在结构和内容存在设计上的缺陷,从而使恋爱中的双方不能保持相对稳定的心理状态。在身体性别文化的影响下,虽然女性和男性的心理性别差异会明显减少,但是由于在许多领域取消了对性别的限制性条件,女性和男性的活动空间反而增加了,它们的创造性可以在新的领域得到发展。     

不同性别对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者支具治疗生存质量评价的影响

目的：检测男女性别不同对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者支具治疗生存质量评价的影响。方法：将87例支具治疗AIS患者分为2组,男性41例,女性46例,平均随访时间2.5年。2组患者在年龄、随访时间、支具治疗类型、主弯所在节段、以及支具治疗前、治疗后cobb角和Risser征等比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,87例患者均填写脊柱侧凸研究会患者问卷-22（SRS-22）量表,比较2组间量表单个维度和单个条目得分的差别。结果：女性治疗满意度维度得分高于男性（P〈0.05）,女性自我形象/外观维度得分也高于男性（P〈0.05）;其中自我形象/外观维度的条目4、6、10,以及治疗满意度维度的条目22的得分比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;但2组功能/活动度、疼痛和精神健康维度的得分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：性别不同会影响AIS患者支具治疗生存质量的评测结果,评测患者生存质量时需考虑此因素影响。     

Trends in HIV sexual prevention: Attitudinal beliefs and behavioral intention in Spanish young people over the past two decades (1999–2020)

Despite preventive efforts, HIV exposure is still a concern for public health. The current prevalence is related to unsafe sex, which is based on socio-cognitive variables. Therefore, information about these variables is required to verify whether the past preventive strategies have been effective and improve the future ones. However, there is not updated information to adjust future preventive interventions. For this reason, this study analyzes trends by gender in Spanish young people over the past two decades in perceived susceptibility to HIV, severity perceived to HIV, condom confidence and the intention of condom use, from 1999 to 2020. For this purpose, 11,665 Spanish young people (from 17 to 40 years old) completed the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. Following our results, in general, the socio-cognitive variables have revealed an unsatisfactory trend: a low perceived susceptibility to HIV and a behavioral intention that have remained stable or even declined slightly over the past years. Particularly, men are more likely to report a riskier level in socio-cognitive variables although, in the latest evaluations, women would decrease condom use intention largely than men. In general, regarding age, young adult would report better levels of condom confidence, but early youth would get higher results in perceived severity, as well as better scores in the latest evaluations of condom use intention. Considering these results, policies should make an effort in HIV prevention programs, and emphasize the attention to attitudinal beliefs and behavioral intention to improve their effectiveness.     

Improving Radiology Report Quality by Rapidly Notifying Radiologist of Report Errors

Radiology report errors occur for many reasons including the use of pre-filled report templates, wrong-word substitution, nonsensical phrases, and missing words. Reports may also contain clinical errors that are not specific to the speech recognition including wrong laterality and gender-specific discrepancies. Our goal was to create a custom algorithm to detect potential gender and laterality mismatch errors and to notify the interpreting radiologists for rapid correction. A JavaScript algorithm was devised to flag gender and laterality mismatch errors by searching the text of the report for keywords and comparing them to parameters within the study’s HL7 metadata (i.e., procedure type, patient sex). The error detection algorithm was retrospectively applied to 82,353 reports 4 months prior to its development and then prospectively to 309,304 reports 15 months after implementation. Flagged reports were reviewed individually by two radiologists for a true gender or laterality error and to determine if the errors were ultimately corrected. There was significant improvement in the number of flagged reports (pre, 198/82,353 [0.24 %]; post, 628/309,304 [0.20 %]; P = 0.04) and reports containing confirmed gender or laterality errors (pre, 116/82,353 [0.014 %]; post, 285/309,304 [0.09 %]; P < 0.0001) after implementing our error notification system. The number of flagged reports containing an error that were ultimately corrected improved dramatically after implementing the notification system (pre, 17/116 [15 %]; post, 239/285 [84 %]; P < 0.0001). We developed a successful automated tool for detecting and notifying radiologists of potential gender and laterality errors, allowing for rapid report correction and reducing the overall rate of report errors.