Hyperthermia and maximal oxygen uptake in men and women

To compare the effect of hyperthermia on maximal oxygen uptake (O_2max) in men and women, O_2max was measured in 11 male and 11 female runners under seven conditions involving various ambient temperatures (T_a at 50% RH) and preheating designed to manipulate the esophageal (T_es) and mean skin temperatures at O_2max. The conditions were: 25°C, no preheating (control); 25, 35, 40, and 45°C, with exercise-induced preheating by a 20-min walk at ~33% of control O_2max; 45°C, no preheating; and 45°C, with passive preheating during which T_es and were increased to the same degree as at the end of the 20-min walk at 45°C. Compared to O_2max (l·min^–1) in the control condition (4.52±0.46 in men, 3.01±0.45 in women), O_2max in men and women was reduced with exercise-induced or passive preheating and increased T_a, ~4% at 35°C, ~9% at 40°C and ~18% at 45°C. Percentage reductions (7–36%) in physical performance (treadmill test time to exhaustion) were strongly related to reductions in O_2max (r=0.82–0.84). The effects of hyperthermia on O_2max and physical performance in men and women were almost identical. We conclude that men and women do not differ in their thermal responses to maximal exercise, or in the relationship of hyperthermia to reductions in O_2max and physical performance at high temperature. Data are reported as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.     

Effects of sex and estrous cycle on modulation of the acoustic startle response in mice

Potential sex differences in amplitude, habituation, prepulse inhibition (PPI) and prepulse facilitation (PPF) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) were investigated using male and female mice from the two different inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (C57) and C3H. Furthermore, the effects of the estrous cycle were tested. The estrous cycle appeared to have no effect on ASR amplitude, habituation, PPF and PPI, the latter being in contrast to results in rats and humans. While sex had no effect on PPI or PPF, males exhibited higher startle amplitudes than females, irrespective of strain, which we discuss to be due to increased male anxiety. In addition, long-term habituation was stronger in C57 males and short-term habituation was weaker in C3H males with respect to females. These results provide evidence for influence of the reproductive hormones on startle reactivity and startle habituation; we therefore conclude that future studies involving genetic influences on behavior using inbred strains are only complete if both sexes are included.     

Aesthetics of feminizing the male face by craniofacial contouring of the facial bones

The forceful and macho look of a prototypical man may not be unduly appealing to others whom he meets. This forceful look might not even appeal to the individual himself. In order to soften this appearance, a series of operative procedures has been devised for use on the craniofacial skeleton. These surgical steps can be done in a single operation or as a series of multiple operative procedures. Moreover, the needs of some patients may require that only special segments of these procedures be performed. This article presents these operative procedures and describes the feasibility with which they can be performed. Complications and unfavorable outcomes, when they occur, are usually related to unrealistic expectations on the part of the patient. The surgical steps routinely performed are those that contour the forehead, orbits, malar eminence, cheeks, chin, angle of the mandible, and larynx. Three categories of patients are described: the female with a male face; the male with a forceful look; and the patient requesting a gender identity change. The psychosocial, psychological, and behavioral problems leading to the decision for surgery will be the basis of final patient selection.Presented at the 9th Congress of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, New York City, October 1987     

Prevalence of self-reported back pain in school children: A study of sociodemographic differences

The study considers the prevalence of back pain experienced in a nationwide random sample of 2173 Icelandic school children aged 11–12 and 15–16. The study found a 20.6% prevalence of at least weekly back pain. The prevalence of back pain was significantly more frequent among the older children. No gender or class difference was found in the overall sample. Older children from rural areas have significantly more back pain than those living in the city. The need for a thorough epidemiological investigation of the association of back pain in children is emphasized.     

Two-stage versus one-stage sex reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexual individuals

The objective was to compare the outcome of a combined total hysterectomy-vaginectomy-phalloplasty procedure vs. a vaginectomy-phalloplasty procedure in female-to-male (FTM) gender dysphoric individuals, and to report on a large series of vaginectomies in young women. This was a retrospective study and the setting was the Gender Team at Ghent University Hospital. One hundred and five consecutive cases of vaginectomy-phalloplasty with (one-stage) or without (two-stage) total hysterectomy between 1993 and 2003 were included in the study. Patient files of 69 one-stage and of 36 two-stage procedures were reviewed and analysed. Operation time, the need for transfusions, complications, repeated surgery and hospitalisation time were the main outcome measures. Patients were equally distributed over the study period of 10 years. Comparing the two groups, there was a greater need for transfusion in the group of patients undergoing the one-stage procedure. There was no difference in operation time, rate of major complications or hospitalisation time. One-stage sex reassignment surgery (SRS) in FTM transsexual individuals is associated with more blood loss. However, there is no difference in operative and postoperative complications. Vaginectomy seems to be a safe and relatively simple procedure in FTM transsexual patients.     

不同性别不同年龄成年人体成分测量指标的检测分析

目的探讨安徽省不同性别、不同年龄成年人体成分检测指标的差异,为安徽省成年人的健康指导及慢性疾病预防提供数据参考。方法选取2018年1～12月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院体检的4 944位体检者,按性别不同分为男性组2 556人和女性组2 388人;再对不同性别组按不同年龄(y)分为5组[18≤y <30岁组; 30≤y <40岁组; 40≤y <50岁组; 50≤y <60岁组;y≥60岁组(在男性中为60≤y≤83岁组,在女性中为60≤y≤81岁组)];比较男性组和女性组体成分测量指标(体质指数、体脂肪含量、体脂百分比、腰臀比、内脏脂肪面积、去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量、蛋白质含量及浮肿指数)差异,同时分析不同性别人群上述各项体成分测量指标在不同年龄层的变化。结果①女性组体脂肪含量、体脂百分比及浮肿指数均高于男性组,其余各项指标男性组均高于女性组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05);②男性体质指数、体脂肪含量和腰臀比在30≤y <60岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);体脂百分比、内脏脂肪面积和浮肿指数在y≥30岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量及蛋白质含量在y≥50岁各年龄组均低于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。女性体质指数、腰臀比及内脏脂肪面积在y≥30岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);体脂肪含量、体脂百分比及浮肿指数在y≥40岁各年龄组均高于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05);去脂体质量、骨骼肌肉量、骨矿物质含量及蛋白质含量在y≥60岁组均低于18≤y <30岁组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论安徽省成年人体成分存在性别差异,女性体脂肪含量高于男性,男性内脏脂肪面积及骨骼肌肉量高于女性;成年人体成分在不同年龄间亦存在差异,脂肪组织含量及浮肿指数在高年龄段增加,而其他非脂肪组织含量在高年龄段减低。     

性别和体重指数对血管内皮功能的影响

目的探讨中年人群的性别和体重指数对血管内皮功能的影响。方法从35-55岁人群中筛选出无心血管及其他疾病者600例,其中女性259例,男性341例,分别对其测量体重、身高计算体重指数后分为正常、超重及肥胖三组,并应用高分辨血管外超声法检测其肱动脉血管内皮功能。以性别分组比较正常、超重及肥胖三组间的血管内皮功能,并在三组内比较不同性别组的血管内皮功能。结果反应性充血时肱动脉血管内径变化在不同体重指数组间差异显著,正常、超重及肥胖三组内不同性别比较差异显著。而含服硝酸甘油后的血管内径变化在不同性别和不同体重指数组相似。结论体重指数和性别均对血管内皮功能有影响,并考虑性别对其影响与雌激素有关。