Improved toxicity profile following high-dose postprostatectomy salvage radiation therapy with intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Background

With salvage radiation therapy (SRT) in the postprostatectomy setting, the need to deliver sufficient radiation doses to achieve a high probability of tumor control is balanced with the risk of increased toxicity. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the postprostatectomy salvage setting is gaining interest as a treatment strategy.

Objective

Compare acute and late toxicities in patients treated with IMRT and three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in the postprostatectomy salvage setting.

Design, setting, and participants

A total of 285 patients who were treated at our institution between 1988 and 2007 with SRT after radical prostatectomy for biochemical recurrence were identified. All medical records were reviewed and toxicity recorded. Median follow-up was 60 mo.

Intervention

All patients were treated with SRT with either 3D-CRT (n = 109) or IMRT (n = 176). A total of 205 patients (72%) were treated with doses ≥70 Gy.

Measurements

Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities were recorded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v. 3.0 definition.

Results and limitations

The 5-yr actuarial rates of late grade ≥2 GI and GU toxicity were 5.2% and 17.0%, respectively. IMRT was independently associated with a reduction in grade ≥2 GI toxicity compared with 3D-CRT (5-yr IMRT, 1.9%; 5-yr 3D-CRT, 10.2%; p = 0.02). IMRT was not associated with a reduction in risk of grade ≥2 GU toxicity (5-yr IMRT, 16.8%; 5-yr 3D-CRT, 15.8%; p = 0.86), urinary incontinence (5-yr IMRT, 13.6%; 5-yr 3D-CRT, 7.9%; p = 0.25), or grade 3 erectile dysfunction (5-yr IMRT, 26%; 5-yr 3D-CRT, 30%; p = 0.82). Of patients who developed late grade ≥2 GI or GU toxicity, 38% and 44%, respectively, experienced resolution of their symptoms prior to the last follow-up.

Conclusions

Our experience with high-dose IMRT in the postprostatectomy salvage setting demonstrates that the treatment can be delivered safely with an associated reduction in late GI toxicity.     

腹腔镜胃肠手术中消化道重建方式的选择和技术难点

消化道重建是腹腔镜胃肠手术中的关键步骤．目前使用器械吻合多于手工吻合．但相比传统手术尚无明显优势。腹腔镜远端胃大部切除常用的消化道重建方法有胃十二指肠吻合（毕Ⅰ式）、胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合和胃空肠吻合（毕Ⅱ式）;腹腔镜全胃切除术的重建术式很多．但目前认为最合理且成熟的方法首推无储袋的食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合．而采用经口底钉座置入装置（OrVilTM）进行吻合更容易掌握,并能进行更高位置的吻合;腹腔镜近端胃大部切除的重建方法主要是胃食管吻合。腹腔镜直肠手术的消化道重建。特别是低位、超低位直肠癌根治术的消化道重建目前较理想的是吻合器结肠直肠吻合和手工缝合的结肠肛管吻合：绝大多数结肠手术后的肠道重建均通过取标本的辅助小切口拖出体外进行。期待更新的理念与器械的出现．以进一步简化消化道重建的手术步骤．使之更趋快捷、安全和有效。     

Rare case of disseminated neonatal zygomycosis mimicking necrotizing enterocolitis with necrotizing fasciitis

A set of monochorionic male twins presented with intestinal perforation. The smaller twin was diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis followed by sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and necrotizing fasciitis of the abdominal wall. The infant died on the fourth day after surgery, 16 days after birth. Surgical specimens and autopsy revealed a disseminated zygomycotic infection. Gastrointestinal zygomycosis followed by necrotizing fasciitis in premature infants is a rare condition and mimics necrotizing enterocolitis clinically. Necrotizing fasciitis after gastrointestinal zygomycosis in premature infants is considered a poor prognostic sign. Gastrointestinal zygomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis.     

Assessment of gastric cancer: value of breathhold technique and two-phase spiral CT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capabilities of subsecond spiral CT in detecting and staging of gastric cancer. Our study included 40 patients with endoscopically detected gastric carcinomas. Two-phase spiral CT was performed within one breathhold each. Distension of the stomach was achieved by intravenous application of scopolamine and drinking of 500 ml water. After bolus injection of contrast medium, scanning was performed in the arterial and venous phase. Gastric tumour extention and lymph node involvement was assessed. Gastric cancer was detected in 39 of 40 cases (sensitivity 97.5 %). Location of the tumour was correctly assessed in all cases. In 31 of the 39 cases (79.4 %) CT staging was accordant with pathological staging. One hundred two (70 %) of 145 nodes infiltrated by tumour tissue were detected and 144 (42.8 %) of 336 nodes free of metastatic involvement were found. The predictive values of positive and negative results for the detection of lymph node metastases were 67.1 and 75 %, respectively. Spiral CT is recommended for staging of gastric cancer. Received: 21 November 1997; Revision received: 9 March 1998; Accepted: 10 March 1998     

Ho∶YAG激光照射对兔胃与结肠的作用

目的探讨Ｈｏ∶ＹＡＧ激光在消化系统疾病内镜治疗中的应用价值。方法采用Ｈｏ∶ＹＡＧ激光对新西兰白兔的胃和结肠组织进行在体照射,观察其汽化切割和止血特性及组织损伤病理特点,用计算机图像分析系统精确测量其热损伤带宽度,并通过重量丢失实验检测其可控性。结果Ｈｏ∶ＹＡＧ激光具有精细的组织切割和可靠的止血特性,其热损伤带宽度为４００～８００μｍ,且不受能量脉冲设置、照射时间、照射方式及液体介质等照射条件的影响,组织重量丢失与激光总能量之间呈良好的线性关系,具有良好的可控性。结论Ｈｏ∶ＹＡＧ激光是用于消化系统疾病内镜治疗的安全、有效的理想激光。     

十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床及X线表现(附12例分析)

目的：探讨十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床特点及 Ｘ 线征象与诊断在外科手术中的价值。方法： 采用胃肠气、钡双重造影和低张双重造影方法,分析了１ ２ 例经病理证实的十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床及 Ｘ 线资料。结果：１２ 例中, 腺癌９ 例、恶性淋巴瘤２ 例及平滑肌肉瘤１ 例;病变位于十二指肠球部１ 例、乳头部５ 例、乳头上区４ 例、乳头下区２ 例; Ｘ 线表现为不规则狭窄及充盈缺损,亦见不规则腔内钡斑。结论：十二指肠恶性肿瘤 Ｘ 线表现有一定的特点,若能结合临床并仔细观察 Ｘ 线征象, 可减少误、漏诊。某些 Ｘ线征象对于决定能否外科手术切除具有重要临床价值。     

Defining the Role of Surgery for Primary Gastrointestinal Tract Melanoma

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the outcomes for primary gastrointestinal melanomas (PGIM). Material and methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1973–2004) was queried. Results Overall, 659 cases of PGIM were identified. The annual incidence of PGIM was approximately 0.47 cases per million in 2000. Overall median survival time was 17 months. Tumors were identified in the oral–nasopharynx (32.8%), anal canal (31.4%), rectum (22.2%), esophagus (5.9%), stomach (2.7%), small bowel (2.3%), gallbladder (1.4%), and large bowel (0.9%). Univariate analysis demonstrated age, tumor location, stage, surgery, and lymph node status were significant predictors of improved survival. MST has not been reached for tumors located in the large bowel, while tumors located in the stomach demonstrated the shortest median survival (5 months). Improvement in MST was observed for those patients undergoing surgical resection. The presence of lymph node involvement conferred a poorer prognosis. Multivariate analysis of the cohort identified that location, advanced tumor stage, failure to undertake surgical resection, positive lymph node status, and age were all independent predictors of poorer outcome. Conclusion PGIM occurs most often in the oral–nasopharynx and anal canal. Surgical extirpation is the only identifiable treatment modality that significantly improves survival.     

Surgically Managed Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Comparative and Prognostic Analysis

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to have marked clinical efficacy in patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). We performed a comparative and prognostic analysis of our experience with surgically managed GIST to determine factors associated with adverse oncologic outcomes. METHODS: Oncologic outcomes of 191 patients with primary GIST surgically managed between 1978 and 2004 at a single institution were reviewed. Prognostic factors were analyzed by Cox analysis (hazard ratio [HR] and 95% confidence interval [95% CI]) and included age, sex, disease presentation (asymptomatic vs. symptomatic), tumor site (stomach, small bowel, colorectal), disease extent (localized vs. metastatic) and risk levels (high, intermediate, low, very-low) assigned on the basis of size and number of mitoses according to current National Institutes of Health recommendations. Primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (97%) had c-kit-positive GIST. There were 54% high, 22% intermediate, 18% low, and 8% very low risk GIST originating from the stomach (54%), small bowel (36%), and colon and rectum (10%). Median patient age was 65 (range, 13-91) years, and 108 subjects (57%) were male. Seventy-two percent of patients had symptomatic local disease, and 21% patients had synchronous metastases. Most (95%) underwent R0 resections of their primary tumor. Among 146 patients (76%) with localized disease at presentation undergoing R0 resection, the 5-year DFS was 65%. High-risk GIST (HR 12, 95% CI, 5-32, P < .0001), symptomatic presentation (HR 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-6, P = .04), and GIST in the small bowel (HR 2.8, 95% CI, 1-5, P = .003) were independently associated with decreased DFS. After a median follow-up of 63 months among survivors, the 5-year DSS was 68%. High-risk disease (HR 14.3, 95% CI, 5-41, P < .0001), symptomatic presentation (HR 3.1, 95% CI, 1.2-7.9, P = .02), and GIST in the small bowel (2.6,3 95% CI, 1-5, P = .006) were independently associated with decreased DSS. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk GIST are associated with increased disease recurrence and decreased survival despite complete surgical resection. These patients should receive adjuvant therapy in the form of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.     

Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumor dissection

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic wedge resections are increasingly applied for gastric submucosal tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Despite this, no defined strategy exists to guide the surgeon in choosing the appropriate laparoscopic technique for an individual case on the basis of tumor characteristics such as location or size. This study aimed to introduce a laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for gastric wedge resection that is applicable for submucosal tumor resection independent of tumor location and size. METHODS: Seven patients underwent LECS for the resection of gastric submucosal tumors. Both mucosal and submucosal layers around the tumor were circumferentially dissected using endoscopic submucosal dissection via intraluminal endoscopy. Subsequently, the seromusclar layer was laparoscopically dissected on the exact three-fourths cut line around the tumor. The submucosal tumor then was exteriorized to the abdominal cavity and dissected with a standard endoscopic stapling device. RESULTS: In all cases, the LECS procedure was successful for dissecting out the gastric submucosal tumor. In four of seven cases, the tumor was located in the upper gastric portion near the esophagogastric junction. The remaining three tumors were in the posterior gastric wall. In two cases, the tumors were more than 5 cm in diameter, and one was a GIST of the remnant stomach. The mean operation time was 169 +/- 17 min, and the estimated blood loss was 7 +/- 2 ml. The postoperative course was uneventful in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The LECS procedure for dissection of gastric submucosal tumors such as GIST may be performed safely with reasonable operation times, less bleeding, and adequate cut lines. In addition, the success of the procedure does not depend on the tumor location such as the vicinity of the esophagogastric junction or pyloric ring.     

贲门癌术后吻合口复发的再手术治疗

目的探讨贲门癌术后吻合口复发外科再治疗的手术指征及术式选择.方法对23例贲门癌术后吻合口复发,再手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果本组患者的手术切除率、手术并发症发生率及手术病死率分别为69.6%、17.4%和8.7%,胸、腹腔粘连率为87.0%.肿瘤切除患者平均术后存活15.0个月,明显长于未切除患者的4.1个月(P＜0.05).无淋巴结转移患者术后存活21.3个月,虽较有淋巴结转移患者的10.2个月长,但差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).根治性切除和姑息性切除患者的术后生存期分别为15.8个月和13.3个月,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论由于胸、腹腔的广泛粘连及二次手术后的消化道重建,贲门癌术后吻合口复发再手术有一定难度,手术风险较大,加之贲门癌患者本身预后较差,因此应严格把握手术指征.术式选择应根据患者病变的分期、分级等具体情况而定.