D-半乳糖预处理大鼠患肺炎时心脏功能的改变

目的　研究肺炎对D 半乳糖 (D gal)处理大鼠心脏功能的影响。　 方法　选雄性SD大鼠 4 5只以D gal预处理 (D gal组 ) ,经气管注入细菌悬液制作肺炎模型后随机均分 3亚组 (对照组、肺炎 1d组、3d组 ;每组 15只 )进行实验 (对照组注入生理盐水 )。另有 4 5只SD大鼠以生理盐水预处理 (NS组 )后做同样分组实验。实验中观察大鼠心脏血流动力学和部分血浆参数改变。　结果　肺炎后大鼠心脏功能受损 ,左室舒张末期压 (LVEDP)升高、等容收缩期左室内压力最大上升和最大下降速率 (±dp/dtmax)降低 ,血浆肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)、丙二醛含量增加 ;动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度、血浆超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性降低 ;D gal组的心脏功能 ,NS 3组和D gal3组比较 ,LVED(5 3±0 9)mmHg和 (8 1± 1 4 )mmHg ,+dp/dtmax(16 5 4± 139)mmHg·s-1和 (12 91± 14 5 )mmHg·s-1;-dp/dtmin(12 6 4± 12 8)mmHg·s-1和 (85 3± 15 8)mmHg·s-1) ,血浆丙二醛含量 [(3 91± 0 85 )mmol·L-1和 (5 0 2± 1 4 5 )mmol·L-1]、SOD活性 [(44 9± 5 6 2 )U/mg蛋白和 (33 6± 4 35 )U/mg蛋白 ]改变更显著。　结论　D gal组大鼠的脂质过氧化增加其肺炎时心脏的易损性。     

Influence of galactose on insulin secretion in humans

Zusammenfassung Galaktose ruft sowohl nach oraler als auch nach intravenöser Gabe eine Insulinsekretion hervor. Die Insulinsekretion wird durch die im Galaktose-katabolismus entstandene Glucose ausgelöst.

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Influence of galactose on insulin secretion in humans

Summary Following oral and intravenous galactose administration stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion has been observed. It must be attributed to the conversion of galactose to glucose.

Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsge-meinschaft Bad Godesberg.     

Levovist ultrasonography imaging in intracystic hemorrhage of simple liver cyst

The differential diagnosis between intracystic hemorrhage and cystadenocarcinoma of the liver is often difficult even with the use of various imaging modalities. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasonography （US） demonstrated a heterogeneous echogenic cyst measuring 11 cm × 8 cm in size in S2 of the liver, indicated intracystic hemorrhage of simple liver cyst or cystadenocarcinoma, but the differential diagnosis was considerably difficult. Levovist （Schering, Berlin, Germany） US revealed no enhancement of the intracystic structures, suggesting a clot in the case of intracystic hemorrhage. An operation was performed and the resected lesion showed a solitary benign liver cyst, measuring 5.5 cm × 4.7 cm × 8.5 cm containing a large blood clot. The patient had an uneventful recovery after the surgery. Levovist US may play an important role in discrimination between intracystic hemorrhage of simple hepatic cysts and cystadenocarcinoma of the liver.     

The sialic acid and galactose concentrations in erythrocyte membranes in patients with myotonic dystrophy,limb-girdle and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy

Sialic acid is an important constituent of membrane-bound glycoproteins and glycolipids. It occurs linked to galactose at the surface of the membrane and is involved in, e.g., cation exchange, receptor function, maintenance of membrane polarity and intercellular interactions. In myotonic dystrophy there is evidence of an as yet basically undefined plasma-membrane abnormality. Considering the importance of sialic acid in membrane function, sialic acid as well as galactose concentrations were measured in erythrocyte membranes from 17 patients with myotonic dystrophy and compared to 17 matched healthy controls. There was a highly significant (P < 0.0005) reduction of the sialic acid concentration in the patients, while no significant difference in galactose concentration was found. In 16 patients with limb-girdle and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, sialic acid and galactose concentrations did not differ from matched controls. The possible importance of a reduced concentration of membrane-bound sialic acid in myotonic dystrophy is discussed in relation to previously reported biochemical membrane abnormalities in this disease.     

Separation and characterization of two UTP-utilizing hexose phosphate uridylyltransferases from Entamoeba histolytica

Two UTP-utilizing uridylyltransferases which react with both glucose 1-phosphate and galactose 1-phosphate were isolated from cell-free extracts of Entamoeba histolytica. The more specific of these enzymes, glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, acts preferentially on glucose 1-phosphate, having a maximum velocity 20-fold greater with this substrate than with galactose 1-phosphate. It was purified 200 fold with a 25% yield and has a molecular weight of 45 000. This enzyme requires a reducing agent for stability. The less specific transferase reacts with both hexose phosphates, having a maximum velocity of 1.35 times greater with galactose 1-phosphate. It was purified 1000 fold with a 20% yield, and has a molecular weight of 40 000. The common Leloir enzyme, UDPglucose-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12), was not found in this organism. To avoid confusion with the Leloir enzyme our experience suggests that the less specific enzyme, which is presently referred to in the literature as galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.10), should be named UTP:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.?). The more specific enzyme (EC 2.7.7.9) should be more clearly named UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.     

Uptake of galactose by the epithelial syncytium of Schistosoma mansoni

A steady-state compartmental analytical solution to radiolabeled galactose fluxes into and out of S. mansoni using a three compartment model is presented. Experiments included phlorizin inhibition, Na⁺-free incubations and inhibition experiments with glucose and 3-O-methylglucose. The inward rate constants exceeded the outward exchange rates by a factor of 1.55 in females and 1.85 in males. Phlorizin, Na⁺-free conditions and the other hexoses reduced the inward exchange rates such that net secretion of galactose would be favored since the inward to outward exchange rates were less than unity. In the Na⁺-free incubations, the outward exchange rate was increased but not in the other experiments. The steady-state K_t values were increased in Na⁺-free incubations and during inhibitions by glucose and 3-O-methylglucose, but not in response to phlorizin. The size of the exchangeable tissue pool of galactose was decreased in a predictable manner when the exchange rates across the surface epithelial syncytium were reduced by glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, phlorizin and Na⁺-free incubations. The results were generally consistent with previous findings of stereospecific Na⁺-coupled uptake of galactose by S. mansoni.     

Glycogen storage disease,Fanconi nephropathy,abnormal galactose metabolism and mitochondrial myopathy

We present a 4-year-old male suffering from profound muscular weakness, enzymatically undefined glycogen storage disease. Fanconi nephropathy and impaired galactose utilization. Distorted mitochondria, intramitochondrial fat droplets and partial deficiencies of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and cytochrome c oxidase have been found in muscle tissue. The causal relationship between mitochondrial myopathy, glycogen storage disease, Fanconi nephropathy and impaired utilization of galactose is discussed.     

半乳糖受体介导的PCNA反义核酸提高肝癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性

目的　研究半乳糖(galactose ,Gal) -聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine ,PEI)介导的增殖细胞核抗原(pro liferatingcellnuclearantigen ,PCNA)反义核酸(antisenseoligdeoxynucleotides ,ASODN)分别与3种常用化疗药物5 -氟尿嘧啶(5 -fluorouracil,5 -FU) ,顺铂(cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum ,DDP) ,羟喜树碱(hydroxyicamptothecine ,HCPT)联合作用于人肝癌Bel- 74 0 2细胞,观察它们对细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法　将Gal-PEI与反义核酸形成交联复合物Gal-PEI-ASODN ,用CCK - 8细胞计数试剂盒检测单纯使用化疗药物以及联合0 0 3μmol/LASODN或0 0 3μmol/LGal-PEI-ASODN对Bel- 74 0 2细胞增殖的抑制作用,并分别计算抑制率和IC50 。结果　单纯使用5 -FU ,DDP ,HCPT作用于Bel- 74 0 2细胞4 8h ,其IC50 分别为16 15 ,1 88,0 31μg/ml;ASODN与上述药物联合使用其IC50 分别为12 5 9,1 71,0 2 7μg/ml,将Bel- 74 0 2细胞对化疗药物的敏感性分别提高到单用化疗药物的1 2 8,1 10 ,1 15倍;Gal-PEI-ASODN与上述药物联合使用其IC50 分别为0 5 1,0 90 ,0 10 μg/ml,将Bel- 74 0 2细胞对化疗药物的敏感性分别提高到单用化疗药物的31 6 7,2 0 9,3 10倍。金正均Q值法分析表明:5 -FU与Gal-PEI-ASODN联合使用,表现为协     

伴IgA沉积的微小病变肾病综合征患者血清IgA1糖基化缺陷的检测

目的 通过对伴IgA沉积的微小病变肾病综合征（MCNS-IgA）患者血清中IgA1分子糖基化缺陷程度的检测,探讨MCNS-IgA的可能的病理分类归属. 方法 选择北京大学人民医院肾内科MCNS-IgA患者10例,微小病变肾病综合症（MCNS）患者10例、大量蛋白尿IgAN （H-IgAN）患者10例为对照.用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测各组患者血清IgA1的相对浓度,用黑木凝集素检测IgA1分子的α2,6唾液酸水平,花生凝集素检测IgA1分子的半乳糖水平,蜗牛凝集素检测IgA1分子的N-乙酰氨基半乳糖水平,计算经血清IgA1浓度校正的各糖基水平.观察MCNS-IgA组患者血清IgA1分子糖基化缺陷情况,并且与H-IgAN及MCNS组进行比较.结果 与MCNS组相比,MCNS-IgA肾病患者血清IgA1的α2,6唾液酸（1.232±0.250比较1.379±0.623,P=0.455）、半乳糖缺失（0.204±0.053 vs 0.229±0.088,P=0.454）水平及N-乙酰氨基半乳糖暴露（0.191±0.039 vs0.205±0.068,P=0.626）水半无明显差异.但其血清IgA1分子α2,6唾液酸缺失（1.232±0.250vs 0.756±0.243,P=0.015）及N-乙酰氨基半乳糖的暴露（0.191±0.039比0.258±0.066,P=0.025）显著低于H-IgAN组,半乳糖缺失少,但未达统计学差异（0.204±0.053比0.139±0.038,P=0.052）. 结论 MCNS-IgA组患者血清IgA1糖基化水平上显示了与IgA肾病不同的特点,提示其可能是微小病变伴IgA分子的非特异性沉积.     

The comparison of animal models for premature ovarian failure established by several different source of inducers

The objective of this study was to compare premature ovarian failure animal models established by several different source of inducers. Female ICR mice, KM mice, and SD rats were treated by cyclophosphamide at 120 mg/kg, busulfan at 12 mg/kg, cisplatin at 3 or 4 mg/kg, 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide at 160 mg/kg, 35% galactose food pellet, and tripterygium glycosides at 50 mg/kg, respectively. Parameters were analyzed by body weight, serum concentration level of related hormones, ovarian and uterine pathological examination. The results indicated the body weight of mice increased very slowly following single dose of cyclophosphamide (p < 0.05) with damaged ovary; repeated doses of cisplatin could induce body weight significantly decreased (p < 0.01) with a rising trend of serum LH concentration, declining tendency of serum E2 concentration and injured ovary and uterus; 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide also hindered the mice growing (p < 0.05) with damaged ovary and uterus; the body weight of mice feed by 35% galactose food pellet increased slowly (p < 0.05) with dramatically higher serum concentration level of galactose, albumin, and total protein (p < 0.001) and injured ovary. Busulfan and tripterygium glycosides did not present obvious evidences. In conclusion, the inducers presented their respective features in such animal models and should be appropriately applied in preventive methods.