复方SZ滴眼液对实验性半乳糖白内障的防治作用

目的:探讨复方SZ滴眼液对实验性半乳糖白内障的防治作用。方法:以民间验方为基础、以水蛭(SZ)为主要成分,配制成SZ滴眼液;并在SZ滴眼液的基础上配制成富含锌和维生素C的复方SZ滴眼液。用SD大鼠复制D-半乳糖白内障模型。将实验分成3组:①生理盐水对照组;②SZ组;③复方SZ组。用FS-3V裂隙灯显微镜动态观察各组动物晶体混浊情况,并于实验第15d测定各组晶体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和可溶性蛋白(SP)的含量。观察并比较两种滴眼液对半乳糖白内障的防治作用。结果:复方SZ组和SZ组大鼠晶体混浊的速度均较对照组慢、程度也较轻;复方SZ组大鼠晶体混浊的速度较SZ组慢、程度也较SZ组轻。晶体抗氧化指标测定显示,复方SZ组和SZ组晶体的SOD、GSH-Px和GSH含量均明显高于对照组,而复方SZ组晶体的SOD和GSH-Px又较SZ组高。各组晶体SP含量无显著差异。结论:SZ滴眼液和复方SZ滴眼液均具有较好的延缓和减轻半乳糖白内障的作用,复方SZ滴眼液较SZ滴眼液的作用更明显。其机理可能与复方SZ滴眼液较SZ滴眼液更富含微量元素锌和维生素并具有更强的抗氧化能力有关。     

Characterization of a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase gene from the marine red alga Gracilaria gracilis

The metabolism of D-galactose is a major feature of red-algal physiology. We have cloned and sequenced a gene from the red alga Gracilaria gracilis that encodes a key enzyme of D-galactose metabolism, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). This gene, designated GgGALT1, is apparently devoid of introns. A potential TATA box, four potential CAAT boxes, and a repeated sequence occur in the 5′-flanking region. The predicted 369-aa peptide shares significant sequence similarity with GALTs from other organisms (human, 47%; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 49%; Solanum tuberosum, 49%). Southern-hybridization analysis reveals two related, but apparently not identical, GALT genes in the nuclear genome of G. gracilis. Sequence analysis indicates that the GgGALT1 enzyme lacks a rubredoxin “knuckle” motif, which in bacterial and fungal GALTs is involved in binding zinc. An open reading frame encoding a potential peptidyl tRNA hydrolase occurs 179 bp downstream from the GgGALT1 gene. Received: 6 April / 2 June 1998     

Systems biology: integrating technology,biology, and computation

The Human Genome Project has changed the worlds of biology and medicine-helping to catalyze two major paradigm changes: systems biology and predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. These two themes will dominate 21st century biology and medicine. I will discuss these changes and indicate how they may interface with with the process of aging.     

O-羧甲基N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物的设计、合成和表征

目的：合成和表征O-羧甲基-N-半乳糖化壳聚糖衍生物作为潜在的肝靶向基因载体。方法：以天然聚合物壳聚糖为原料，首先制备得O-羧甲基壳聚糖，然后在其2-NH2上和乳糖酸反应，制得O-羧甲基-N-乳糖酰化壳聚糖；或与乳糖反应，用KB}14还原，制得O-羧甲基-N-乳糖胺化壳聚糖。结果与结论：分别用VF-IR、^1H NMR、^13C NMR和元素分析对其进行了表征。用粉末X-衍射、DSC、TG对其物理性质进行了分析。制得的O-羧甲基-N-乳糖酰化壳聚糖O-羧甲基-N-乳糖胺化壳聚糖有望作为潜在的肝靶向基因载体。     

T抗原单克隆抗体法在大肠癌筛检中的应用初探

目的 探讨T抗原单克隆抗体法在大肠癌筛检中的临床价值.方法 同时采用T抗原单克隆抗体法和半乳糖氧化酶法检测207例直肠粘液中的T抗原.结果 T抗原单克隆抗体法和半乳糖氧化酶法的敏感性和特异性分别为69.2%、67.3%和64.2%、65.6%,两者的筛检价值无明显差别.结论T抗原单克隆抗体法对大肠癌筛检有较大临床价值,且操作简便.     

Galactose uncovers face recognition and mental images in congenital prosopagnosia: The first case report

A woman in her early 40s with congenital prosopagnosia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder observed for the first time sudden and extensive improvement of her face recognition abilities, mental imagery, and sense of navigation after galactose intake. This effect of galactose on prosopagnosia has never been reported before. Even if this effect is restricted to a subform of congenital prosopagnosia, galactose might improve the condition of other prosopagnosics. Congenital prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize other people by their face, has extensive negative impact on everyday life. It has a high prevalence of about 2.5%. Monosaccharides are known to have a positive impact on cognitive performance. Here, we report the case of a prosopagnosic woman for whom the daily intake of 5 g of galactose resulted in a remarkable improvement of her lifelong face blindness, along with improved sense of orientation and more vivid mental imagery. All these improvements vanished after discontinuing galactose intake. The self-reported effects of galactose were wide-ranging and remarkably strong but could not be reproduced for 16 other prosopagnosics tested. Indications about heterogeneity within prosopagnosia have been reported; this could explain the difficulty to find similar effects in other prosopagnosics. Detailed analyses of the effects of galactose in prosopagnosia might give more insight into the effects of galactose on human cognition in general. Galactose is cheap and easy to obtain, therefore, a systematic test of its positive effects on other cases of congenital prosopagnosia may be warranted.     

Surface exposure of synaptosomal gangliosides from long-sleep and short-sleep mice.

A galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4 technique was used to examine the relative surface exposure of gangliosides from whole brain synaptosomes of long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice. The surface exposure of the monosialoganglioside, GM1, did not differ between the two lines. Surface exposure of the polysialogangliosides GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b, however, was significantly greater in LS synaptosomes than in SS. Hydrolysis of the polysialogangliosides by neuraminidase to the end-product, GM1, at early time periods occurred more rapidly in LS than in SS synaptosomes. Upon exposure to either 250 mM or 50 mM ethanol, LS synaptosomal ganglioside surface exposure was decreased, but that of SS was increased. Pairwise comparisons of the individual ganglioside classes indicated that the decrease in LS synaptosomal ganglioside surface exposure was attributable to decreases in the polysialogangliosides, compared with controls. The ethanol-induced increase in SS synaptosomal ganglioside surface exposure, however, was mainly due to an increased surface exposure of only GD1a. These results suggest that intrinsic differences in the surface exposure of gangliosides and/or the magnitude and direction of ethanol-induced changes in ganglioside surface distribution may reflect biophysical or modulatory mechanisms by which this class of compounds modifies membrane sensitivity to ethanol. These results suggest that further studies should be performed to determine whether gangliosides are factors in genetically determined sensitivity to ethanol.     

APP17肽对D-半乳糖脑老化模型小鼠神经元凋亡的影响

目的观察D-半乳糖脑老化小鼠(DGAM)海马内凋亡相关蛋白Fas、Fas配体(Fas-L)、核因子κB(NFκB)、C-Fos、C-Jun的表达及其脑神经元是否发生凋亡,并观察APP17肽的作用. 方法用D-半乳糖(D-gal)制造脑老化小鼠模型,给模型小鼠皮下注射APP17肽进行预防或治疗.D-gal皮下注射8周后,小鼠灌注取脑,行脑切片,一部分切片做免疫组织化学染色,观察各组小鼠海马内凋亡相关蛋白Fas、Fas-L、NFκB、C-Fos、C-Jun的表达;另一部分切片用凋亡试剂盒检测神经元是否发生凋亡. 结果对照组小鼠海马内Fas、Fas-L、C-Fos、C-Jun阳性染色神经元的数目分别为20.60±4.60、20.00±4.24、9.93±3.79、13.44±4.18,DGAM组小鼠上述各种抗体的阳性染色神经元数目分别为42.80±15.83、38.53±8.13、23.25±5.18、23.47±8.49,DGAM组比对照组明显增加(P＜0.05).DGAM组海马内NFκB的阳性染色神经元数目为13.93±5.31,比对照组小鼠的23.93±3.69明显减少(P＜0.05).用APP17肽预防或治疗后小鼠上述各种蛋白质的表达恢复到接近对照组小鼠的水平.对照组小鼠未发现凋亡的神经元;DGAM组小鼠脑神经元出现大量凋亡,用APP17肽预防或治疗后,神经元凋亡的数目与对照组小鼠接近. 结论 DGAM海马内凋亡相关蛋白表达异常,脑神经元发生凋亡.APP17肽可恢复各种凋亡相关蛋白的表达,阻止神经元凋亡,维持神经元的正常功能.     

Dietary sugars and subclinical vascular damage in moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk adults

Background and aimsThe association between dietary sugars and vascular damage has been scarcely examined out of the context of established cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate the association between different types of sugars with subclinical atheromatosis and arteriosclerosis, in individuals free of cardiovascular disease being, however, at moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk.Methods and resultsTwo 24-h dietary recalls were conducted to estimate sugars intake. Subclinical atheromatosis was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography and arteriosclerosis (arterial stiffness) via tonometry (carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship of quartiles of total sugars, monosaccharides and disaccharides with atheromatosis and arteriosclerosis, adjusting for potential confounders [Odds Ratio (95%Confidence Interval)]. In 901 participants (52.4 ± 13.8 years, 45.2% males), total sugars intake was not associated with any type of subclinical vascular damage. Subjects at 4th quartile of lactose intake (15.3 ± 5.5 g/day) had lower probability to present atheromatosis compared to those at 1st quartile (0.00 ± 0.01 g/day) even in the fully adjusted model [0.586 (0.353–0.974)]. Subjects at 3rd quartile of total disaccharides intake and particularly sucrose (15.1 ± 2.2 g/day) had higher probability to present arteriosclerosis compared to those at 1st quartile (3.0 ± 1.9 g/day) even after adjustment for all potential confounders [2.213 (1.110–4.409)].ConclusionsOverall, the present data suggest a distinct role of each type of sugars on vascular damage. These observations highlight the need for further studies investigating not only foods rich in sugars, but sugars as separate components of food as they probably contribute via different ways on the development of arterial pathologies.