北京市小学4～6年级在校流动儿童卫生习惯现状及其影响因素

目的初步了解北京市小学4~6年级在校流动儿童卫生习惯的现状,分析影响卫生习惯形成的多方面因素;为进一步完善针对北京市小学在校流动儿童卫生习惯养成的健康教育机制提供依据与指导。方法在大量文献查阅的基础上编制自填式问卷;通过分层整群抽样方法在北京市共6所招收流动儿童为主的小学抽取4、5、6年级户籍为流动人口的小学生共516名,由项目组工作人员现场指导学生进行自填式问卷调查。结果共回收514份有效调查问卷,其中59.92%的流动儿童来自公立小学,40.08%来自私立打工子弟小学,其中男生占53.31%,女生占46.69%。多元线性回归统计结果显示,流动儿童卫生习惯得分女性高于男性(P0.01),公立学校高于私立学校(P0.01),抚养人文化程度好的高于抚养人文化程度差的(P0.05),家庭经济情况好的高于家庭经济情况差的(P0.01),卫生习惯知识掌握好的高于卫生习惯知识差的(P0.01)。结论流动儿童卫生习惯养成受性别、年龄、学校类型、抚养人文化程度、家庭经济情况和卫生习惯知识影响显著,私立打工子弟学校的低年级男学生应作为重点人群,相应组织开展有针对性的健康教育宣传教育工作。     

北京市外来务工人员AIDS防治宣传教育前后相关知识调查分析

目的了解北京市外来务工人员艾滋病(AIDS)防治宣传教育前后相关知识和行为现状,并评价宣传教育效果。方法采用教育前后自填式问卷,调查北京市1200名外来务工人员对AIDS传播途径、安全套可以预防性传播疾病(STD)／AIDS的相关知识、对待AIDS患者的态度、在性生活中使用安全套行为等内容。结果教育后。调查对象对“AIDS目前可以治愈”的答对率提高了23．0个百分点,“知道AIDS、性病的咨询热线电话”提高了49．9个百分点,在对待AIDS患者采取“避免接触”、“同情,但避而远之”两种态度者,比教育前分别下降了13．0和7．1个百分点;而采取“与从前一样”态度者比教育前上升了20．3个百分点;对安全套相关知识的了解,比教育前分别增加了6．1～24．0个百分点。结论通过AIDS防治知识的宣传教育和培训,对于提高外来务工人员防治AIDS的相关知识是行之有效的。     

Secular change in the growth status of urban and rural schoolchildren aged 6–13 years in Oaxaca,southern Mexico

Background: Populations in the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico are at high risk for malnutrition and marginalization.

Aim: The study compared secular changes in the growth status of urban and rural schoolchildren in the Valley of Oaxaca between the 1970s and 2000.

Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional surveys of boys and girls aged 6–13 years (n = 1472) were carried out in an urban colonia populares in 1972 and 2000 and a rural indigenous community in 1978 and 2000. Height, sitting height and weight were measured; leg length, sitting height ratio, BMI, and prevalence of stunting, underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated. Sex-specific ANCOVA controlling for age was used.

Results: Both urban and rural children experienced significant secular gains in linear dimensions, body weight and the BMI between the 1970s and 2000. Estimated rates of secular gain overlapped considerably between urban and rural children. Secular gains in the BMI are significantly greater in urban than rural boys and girls. Urban–rural differences in linear dimensions and body weight in 2000 compared to the 1970s do not differ in either sex, but urban–rural differences in the BMI are greater in boys and girls in 2000 compared to the 1970s. The prevalence of stunting declined while that of overweight and obesity increased.

Conclusions: Significant secular increases in body size occurred between the 1970s and 2000, but there was considerable overlap between urban and rural children. Only secular gains in the BMI were significantly greater in urban than rural boys and girls and the magnitudes of urban–rural differences in the BMI were greater in 2000 than in the 1970s.     

The association between health literacy and indicators of cognitive impairment in a diverse sample of primary care patients

Objectives

To confirm the association of health literacy scores as measured by Health Literacy Assessment Using Talking Touchscreen Technology (Health LiTT) with cognitive ability and education. To determine whether this association differs by cognitive task.

Methods

Cognitive impairment was measured using the Mini-Cog, which combines a delayed word recall task (WRT) and a clock drawing task (CDT) to yield an overall classification of normal versus cognitively impaired. Participants were recruited from primary care clinics that provide care to underserved patients.

Results

Participants (n = 574) were predominantly non-Hispanic black (67%) with a mean age of 46 years, 50% did not have health insurance, 56% had a high school education or less and 21% screened positive for cognitive impairment. Overall cognitive ability and education were significantly associated with health literacy after adjusting for other variables, including race/ethnicity and physical health. We observed a stronger association between the CDT and health literacy than between the WRT and health literacy.

Conclusion

By confirming hypothesized associations, this study provides additional support of the validity of Health LiTT.

Practice implications

Health LiTT is a reliable and valid tool that researchers and clinicians can use to identify individuals who might have difficulty understanding health information.     

Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of COVID-19: Evolving Recognition and Need for Increased Understanding in Vulnerable Populations

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. It was first observed to cause a severe acute respiratory syndrome. However, gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations have been increasingly recognized.Gastrointestinal symptoms include diarrhea, epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diarrhea is the most common GI manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 and can present without or without respiratory symptoms. Patients with GI symptoms have been associated with longer duration of illness and may be associated with more severe illness. Mechanism of diarrhea is thought to be related to direct viral cytotoxicity occurring when the SARS-CoV-3 enters GI cells via the ACE-2 receptor. Inflammatory response and cytokine release likely contributes to symptoms.SARS-CoV-2 can cause hepatic injury. Studies have shown mild to moderate elevation of liver enzymes. The pattern of liver abnormalities can be hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed. Patients with severe infection have significantly higher rates of liver injury and worse outcomes. Proposed mechanisms for injury include immune mediated systemic inflammatory response, direct cytotoxicity from viral replication and hypoxia-reperfusion dysfunction.Recent data suggests that GI and hepatic injury may be under-recognized manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with diarrhea and liver disease may have a worse prognosis. The rapidly evolving literature continues to reveal a growing body of information which enables updated guidance for management. More investigation is needed which focuses on vulnerable patients, including the elderly, those with underlying illness, as well as, racial and ethnic minorities.     

洛匹那韦/利托那韦在新型冠状病毒肺炎特殊人群治疗中的合理使用及药学监护

2019年底以来新型冠状病毒感染肺炎在全球的暴发,国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊方案（试行）第七版》中推荐了一些治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎的药物。其中洛匹那韦/利托那韦在特殊人群中的使用需要引起关注。本文将该药在儿童、妊娠期、哺乳期、肝肾功能不全及老年患者使用中应该关注的合理使用内容以及药学监护点进行阐述,为进一步提高该药在临床的安全、合理使用提供依据。     

特殊人群骨质疏松症研究进展

骨质疏松症是老年人常见的一种疾病,其最大的危害是增加了骨折的风险。随着人口的老龄化,骨质疏松性骨折的发病率也显著增高,引起了医学研究者的普遍关注。近年来许多研究表明骨质疏松的发生常与一些慢性疾病相关。本文通过分析强直性脊柱炎、慢性炎症、肾病综合征、精神分裂症及智力障碍这几类人群中骨质疏松症的研究进展,探讨骨质疏松症与这些疾病的关系。在以上几种疾病中,引起骨质疏松的因素包括：①TNF-a 和IL-6等炎症因子可通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路、引起OPG/RANKL/RANK系统平衡失调等途径产生一系列反应从而影响骨代谢,抑制成骨活动,促进破骨活动,加重骨质流失。②由于其他疾病引起的器官功能障碍影响导致钙、维生素D、雌激素等一些骨代谢相关因子的不足,使得成骨活动受到抑制,导致骨质疏松。③糖皮质激素、抗癫痫药物等影响了骨的代谢。④不良生活习惯、缺乏光照、缺少劳动锻炼、营养不良、体质指数下降等因素在骨质疏松的发生中同样扮演了重要的角色。综上所述,骨质疏松症的发生与多种因素相关,对于老年人,尤其是合并其他慢性疾病的老年人,应当加强骨密度的监测,早诊断,早治疗。     

Modification of human platelet behaviour in diabetes

Summary Among the different factors which could be responsible for the retinal vascular disturbances in diabetic retinopathy, we have investigated platelet populations, sialic acid content of platelets and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The following results were obtained: a) there was no modification of platelet population distribution except for population A; b) there was a modification of collagen-induced platelet aggregation; the lag time was increased in diabetics.