北京市外来儿童脊髓灰质炎免疫屏障评价

开展对外来儿童脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )抗体水平监测 ,对制定适宜的免疫策略 ,保持无脊灰状态具有重要意义。根据北京市外来人口密集程度和地理分布特点 ,共采集 4个区 1～ 14岁外来儿童血标本 337人测定脊灰抗体水平 ,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率分别为 98 5 2 %、99 70 %、95 2 5 % ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为 1∶12 3 0 3、1∶10 9 6 5、1∶5 8 88。 1岁、2～ 4岁儿童各型抗体GMT显著高于 5～ 9岁、10～ 14岁儿童。不同地区间计划免疫管理水平和疫苗接种质量存在差距 ,外来儿童脊灰抗体水平仍低于北京市儿童。     

慢性肾脏病3-4期糖尿病肾脏疾病患者进展到终末期肾病的危险因素分类树模型分析

【目的】分析糖尿病肾脏疾病（DKD）患者进展到终末期肾病（ESRD）的相关危险因素,筛查进展到ESRD的高风险人群,以早期预防。【方法】收集本院231例糖尿病肾脏疾病患者的临床资料,随访3年,据是否出现ESRD分为未进展到ESRD（133例）、ESRD组（98例）。使用分类树模型分析进展到ESRD相关危险因素,通过节点增益分析筛选进展到ESRD的高风险人群。【结果】从预测变量中筛选到4个重要解释变量：载脂蛋B（ApoB）、性别、糖尿病视网膜病变、收缩压;ApoB升高是DKD进展的重要的危险因素;ApoB＞1.14mmol/L的慢性肾脏病（CKD）3～4期DKD患者,3年进展到ESRD的概率是75.0%,如合并糖尿病视网膜病变,有79.7%的概率进展到ESRD。【结论】分类树模型能有效筛选并分析进展到ESRD危险因素,并识别高风险人群特征,有利于早期防治。     

Treating Anger and Aggression in Military Populations: Research Updates and Clinical Implications

Anger is a common symptom among military populations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); yet, anger treatment has received relatively little attention in the literature. This discrepancy is surprising given that excessive anger is a key predictor of treatment outcome in PTSD. This study seeks to (a) build a case for the importance of a more explicit approach to understanding and treating anger in our military and veteran populations, (b) summarize the current literature base on treatment factors and treatment outcomes for treating anger and related symptoms among veterans, and (c) offer clinical and research implications and recommendations based on current findings and on the expertise of the authors in completing a large‐scale study of anger treatment with veterans.     

Williams–Beuren syndrome in diverse populations

Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a common microdeletion syndrome characterized by a 1.5Mb deletion in 7q11.23. The phenotype of WBS has been well described in populations of European descent with not as much attention given to other ethnicities. In this study, individuals with WBS from diverse populations were assessed clinically and by facial analysis technology. Clinical data and images from 137 individuals with WBS were found in 19 countries with an average age of 11 years and female gender of 45%. The most common clinical phenotype elements were periorbital fullness and intellectual disability which were present in greater than 90% of our cohort. Additionally, 75% or greater of all individuals with WBS had malar flattening, long philtrum, wide mouth, and small jaw. Using facial analysis technology, we compared 286 Asian, African, Caucasian, and Latin American individuals with WBS with 286 gender and age matched controls and found that the accuracy to discriminate between WBS and controls was 0.90 when the entire cohort was evaluated concurrently. The test accuracy of the facial recognition technology increased significantly when the cohort was analyzed by specific ethnic population (P‐value < 0.001 for all comparisons), with accuracies for Caucasian, African, Asian, and Latin American groups of 0.92, 0.96, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively. In summary, we present consistent clinical findings from global populations with WBS and demonstrate how facial analysis technology can support clinicians in making accurate WBS diagnoses.     

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Indigenous communities in Canada

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have emerged as a significant issue in some Indigenous communities (including First Nations, Inuit and Métis) in Canada. Primarily associated with skin and soft-tissue infections, this organism can also result in significant morbidity and mortality. Canadian and American guidelines for managing CA-MRSA infections have been published. The specific epidemiology, microbiology and susceptibility patterns, and the social/environmental circumstances of CA-MRSA infections in Indigenous communities need to be considered for strategies to reduce transmission. While reducing household crowding and improving in-home potable water supply are optimal strategies to reduce the impact of this illness, implementing Canadian guidelines along with increased prevention strategies are recommended as interim measures.     

Clinical research in small genomically stratified patient populations

The paradigm of early drug development in cancer is shifting from ‘histology-oriented’ to ‘molecularly oriented’ clinical trials. This change can be attributed to the vast amount of tumour biology knowledge generated by large international research initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques developed in recent years. However, targeting infrequent molecular alterations entails a series of special challenges. The optimal molecular profiling method, the lack of standardised biological thresholds, inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, availability of enough tumour material, correct clinical trials design, attrition rate, logistics or costs are only some of the issues that need to be taken into consideration in clinical research in small genomically stratified patient populations. This article examines the most relevant challenges inherent to clinical research in these populations. Moreover, perspectives from the Academia point of view are reviewed as well as initiatives to be taken in forthcoming years.     

Examining the Unique Stresses and Rewards of HIV/AIDS Work

Abstract

The article reports on findings from an exploratory study, a survey of 25 HIV/AIDS workers. The survey instrument included all items from the five main dimensions of stresses and rewards in the AIDS Impact Scale, in addition to a series of open-ended questions. The findings suggested the need for careful review of the items to ensure they adequately capture current day stresses and rewards of HIV/AIDS work and the possible need for an additional dimension that captures the stresses and rewards of working with multi-problem vulnerable clients and their families.