In scintigraphy, the detection of scattered photons degrades both visual image analysis and quantitative accuracy. Many methods have been proposed and are still under investigation to cope with scattered photons. The main features of the problem of scattering in radionuclide imaging are presented first, to provide a sound foundation for a critical review of the existing scatter correction techniques. These are described using a classification relating to their aims and principles. Their theoretical potentials are analysed, as well as the difficulties of their practical implementation. Finally, the problems of their evaluation and comparison are discussed.
Correspondence to: I. Buvat 相似文献
Background Adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become a routine treatment option for patients waiting for liver transplantation.
In European and North American countries, LDLT for adult recipients is mainly performed with right lobe grafts. Indications,
when compared to deceased donor liver transplantation, are controversial.
Materials and methods In our institution, patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis, non-resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma,
viral hepatitis associated cirrhosis, as well as cholestatic liver and biliary disease are considered good candidates for
LDLT.
Results In this overview, donor evaluation, graft selection, and the donor operation with special regard to operative techniques and
strategies are discussed. For visualization, a 5-min video sequence of the standard donor operation as performed in our institution
is attached.
Conclusion Given the ongoing shortage of donor organs, adult LDLT has become a routine treatment option for patients waiting for liver
transplantation. The associated inevitable risk for the healthy donor, however, remains ethically controversial.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
This audit has been conducted in order to provide an evidence base that clarifies the strengths and weaknesses of acute pain management at a UK hospital. Consequently, it sets the strategic direction for service improvement. Awarding up to three stars has identified the quality of each component that constitutes the acute pain service. Six different components were audited and star ratings have been awarded as shown below:
• Pain tool (including patient and staff understanding): no stars.
• Pain team (including education and clinical support): two stars.
• Intermittent opioid analgesia (sub-cut and oral morphine): two stars.
• Epidural patient controlled analgesia (EPCA): two stars.
• Intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IVPCA): two stars.
• Single-dose intrathecal opioid analgesia: three stars.
These star ratings were pulled together in order to award the acute pain service an overall rating. Consequently, the acute pain service was awarded two stars. The findings of this audit identify that this acute pain service provides a safe way to deliver hi-tech pain relief at ward level and can be relied upon to provide good quality pain management. However, too many patients are likely to miss out on the full benefits of the service due to the weaknesses as identified. The quality of the pain relief is impeded across the hospital due to low patient expectation and poor patient education, and also due to a lack of relevant knowledge amongst nursing staff. Developments in the role of the acute pain nurse, staff training and education programs, and a reduction in the variety of pain management pumps are combining to facilitate the opportunities required to address the weaknesses and to build on the strengths of the acute pain service. 相似文献