基于增强图卷积神经网络的病毒形态识别方法研究

背景 透射电子显微镜（TEM）是检测病毒的重要手段,传统TEM检测常依靠专家手工观察,操作步骤繁琐,且已有机器学习方法易受到背景、噪声的影响,导致病毒检测方法准确率差、效率低且耗时长。 目的 探讨增强图卷积神经网络（EGCN）对TEM图像中的病毒形态自动识别问题,以提高TEM病毒检测的效率。 方法 EGCN模型利用卷积神经网络（CNN）提取像素间的局部特征信息,并结合样本特征之间的最近邻关系利用图卷积网络（GCN）进行图特征学习。在模型优化中联合优化群体超分类损失和分类交叉熵损失以提高EGCN模型对病毒类别信息特征的提取能力,较CNN对TEM病毒图像特征具备更强的特征提取能力。 结果 通过不同方法在15类TEM病毒图像数据集上开展实验,EGCN达到3.40%的top-1错误率、1.88%的top-2错误率、96.65%的精确度和96.60%的召回率,并通过一系列对比实验表明EGCN模型可以有效避免TEM图像中背景、噪声等的影响,提高对病毒识别的准确率。 结论 EGCN可以有效解决病毒形态识别任务,为病毒的诊断提供重要的参考价值。     

加速康复外科模式对腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后患者肠道黏膜屏障影响的研究

目的研究加速康复外科(ERAS)模式对腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术(LPD)术后患者的肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月接受LPD术的患者145例,根据干预方案不同分为ERAS组78例及传统组67例。数据采用SPSS 24.0进行统计学分析,术后并发症发生率等计数资料采用χ^2检验;围术期各项指标、肠黏膜屏障功能指标以(±s)表示,独立t检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果ERAS组术后恢复情况均优于传统组,其中首次排气时间、首次进食时间、引流管拔管时间及术后住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后死亡率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ERAS组患者胃排空延迟的发生例数(3例,3.8%)明显少于传统组(5例,7.5%)(P<0.05),其余并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后肠黏膜屏障功能指标ERAS组患者优于传统组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论加速康复外科能使LPD术获得更好的临床效果,并可促进LPD患者术后肠黏膜屏障功能的恢复。     

胃癌术后硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛对比的系统回顾与Meta分析

目的比较硬膜外与静脉镇痛在胃癌根治性手术中应用的效果。方法对胃癌根治术中硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛的随机对照试验进行系统回顾和荟萃分析。主要研究结果为术后24 h疼痛评分,次要结果包括术后并发症发生率、首次排气时间、住院时间。结果有6项随机对照研究共计393例患者纳入研究,其中英文4篇,中文2篇。Meta分析结果显示,与静脉镇痛组相比,硬膜外镇痛组术后24 h静息状态(WMD=-0.74,95%CI:-1.35^-0.13,P=0.02)、运动状态疼痛评分均较低(WMD=-1.5,95%CI:-1.95^-1.05,P<0.001),术后恶心、呕吐(RR=0.32,95%CI:0.18~0.58,P<0.001)及呼吸系统并发症发病率(RR=0.50,95%CI:0.29~0.85,P=0.01)较低,差异均具有统计学意义,术后泌尿系统并发症两组之间差异无统计学意义(RR=0.87,95%CI:0.38~1.96,P=0.73),但低血压的发生高于静脉镇痛组(RR=3.27,95%CI:1.28~8.32,P=0.01),术后首次排气时间(WMD=-14.01,95%CI:-22.85^-5.17,P=0.002)、术后住院时间(WMD=-0.69,95%CI:-0.90^-0.49,P<0.001)均短于静脉镇痛组。结论胃癌根治术患者镇痛的选择,硬膜外镇痛无论是静息还是动态时镇痛效果均优于静脉镇痛,虽会增加术后低血压发病率,但与肺部并发症、恶心呕吐的等并发症减少有关,并且具有促进胃癌术后肠道功能恢复及缩短住院时间的优势。     

加速康复外科护理在老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折椎体成形中的疗效分析

目的 探讨加速康复外科（enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS）护理在老年骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折（osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture, OVCF）椎体成形病人中的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月在我院行椎体成形术的435例OVCF病人的临床资料,其中男89例,女346例;年龄为（71.0±3.5）岁（60~89岁）;T₁₁骨折78例、T₁₂骨折114例、L₁骨折134例、L₂骨折109例。将2017年接受常规护理的214例病人纳入对照组,2018年接受ERAS护理的221例病人纳入观察组。观察两组病人疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分、Barthel指数评定量表（Barthel index, BI）评分、下地时间、住院时间及病人护理满意度。结果 术后第1天,观察组的VAS评分、Barthel评分分别为（1.73±0.75）分、（81.00±2.00）分,优于对照组的（2.21±0.70）分、（75.82±1.85）分,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。观察组的下地时间和住院天数分别为（0.11±0.32） d、（3.31±0.50） d,均明显优于对照组的（1.11±0.33） d、（4.09±0.71） d,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。出院时,观察组病人的护理满意度为92.31%（204/221）,明显高于对照组的85.51%（183/214）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。结论 基于ERAS的护理可加速老年OVCF椎体成形病人的康复,提升病人的护理满意度。     

Effective reduction in stress induced postoperative hyperglycemia in bariatric surgery by better carb loading

BackgroundPreoperative carbohydrate loading is a recommended component of enhanced recovery protocols (ERP’s), however the impact on postoperative stress-induced insulin resistance remains poorly studied in both diabetics and non-diabetics.MethodsUsing our ERP, a preoperative grape juice group (Grape) was compared to the use of 25 g maltodextrin/3 g citrulline (G.E.D.™, SOF Health, LLC) for carbohydrate loading.ResultsThe population included 171 patients (Grape n = 96; GED n = 75). Glycemic variability was significantly worse for the Grape group on POD 0 in both non-diabetic (70% vs 41%; p < 0.05) and diabetic patients (66% vs 34%; p < 0.05). Significantly more Grape patients required postoperative insulin regardless of diabetic status.ConclusionFollowing bariatric surgery, the impact of stress induced hyperglycemia is primarily on POD 0 in non-diabetics whereas the effect extends into POD 1 for diabetics. Preoperative loading with G.E.D.™ versus grape juice is associated with a significantly lower rate of glycemic variation and postoperative insulin requirement, demonstrating that drink composition and treatment process reduces the severity of postoperative stress induced hyperglycemia in bariatric surgery patients.     

Making enhanced recovery the norm not the exception

BackgroundEnhanced Recovery After Surgery (“STAAR” in our system) is multimodal care focused on the reduction of physiological and psychological stress. While enhanced recovery is well established in colorectal surgery, and there is evidence for effectiveness in other surgical disciplines, to date widespread use is limited.MethodWe implemented a Lean process that, within 12 months, expanded STAAR to 13 surgical services lines involving >130 surgeons, and impacting the care of >6000 surgical patients/year.ResultsImplementation involved educational and administrative meetings (279 in the first 6 months) and rounding. Use of STAAR was defined as >60% compliance. LOS was reduced up to 40%, mortality index and transfusion decreased 67% and 23% respectively. Case mix index increased 17%. Readmission rates, infections, ER visits were not increased.ConclusionUsing a Lean process focused on value, STAAR protocols became the standard rather than the exception. Time investment by senior surgical leadership was extensive.     

Alvimopan Accelerates Gastrointestinal Recovery After Radical Cystectomy: A Multicenter Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background

Radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer is frequently associated with delayed gastrointestinal (GI) recovery that prolongs hospital length of stay (LOS).

Objective

To assess the efficacy of alvimopan to accelerate GI recovery after RC.

Design, setting, and participants

We conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in patients undergoing RC and receiving postoperative intravenous patient-controlled opioid analgesics.

Intervention

Oral alvimopan 12 mg (maximum: 15 inpatient doses) versus placebo.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The two-component primary end point was time to upper (first tolerance of solid food) and lower (first bowel movement) GI recovery (GI-2). Time to discharge order written, postoperative LOS, postoperative ileus (POI)-related morbidity, opioid consumption, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. An independent adjudication of cardiovascular AEs was performed.

Results and limitations

Patients were randomized to alvimopan (n = 143) or placebo (n = 137); 277 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. The alvimopan cohort experienced quicker GI-2 recovery (5.5 vs 6.8 d; hazard ratio: 1.8; p < 0.0001), shorter mean LOS (7.4 vs 10.1 d; p = 0.0051), and fewer episodes of POI-related morbidity (8.4% vs 29.1%; p < 0.001). The incidence of opioid consumption and AEs or serious AEs (SAEs) was comparable except for POI, which was lower in the alvimopan group (AEs: 7% vs 26%; SAEs: 5% vs 20%, respectively). Cardiovascular AEs occurred in 8.4% (alvimopan) and 15.3% (placebo) of patients (p = 0.09). Generalizability may be limited due to the exclusion of epidural analgesia and the inclusion of mostly high-volume centers utilizing open laparotomy.

Conclusions

Alvimopan is a useful addition to a standardized care pathway in patients undergoing RC by accelerating GI recovery and shortening LOS, with a safety profile similar to placebo.

Patient summary

This study examined the effects of alvimopan on bowel recovery in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Patients receiving alvimopan experienced quicker bowel recovery and had a shorter hospital stay compared with those who received placebo, with comparable safety.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00708201     

Fast track surgery and preoperative optimization

Enhanced recovery pathways have been rapidly embraced by surgeons as a mechanism for improving patient care and driving down complications and costs. They seek to employ a holistic approach, reviewing all aspects of patient management, to improve care. Many components are dissimilar to traditional surgical teaching, involving early mobilization and enteral nutrition, as well as a strong emphasis on fluid balance and pain management. By addressing all components of the patient pathway from preoperative through to post-surgery, significant improvement in outcomes can be achieved for a range of surgical procedures.