全凭静脉麻醉与吸入麻醉对甲状腺手术喉返神经监测的影响

目的 探讨全凭静脉麻醉和吸入麻醉对甲状腺手术喉返神经功能监测的影响。方法 50例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、年龄18~60岁、拟行甲状腺癌根治术的女性患者随机平均分为两组：全凭静脉麻醉组（P组）和吸入麻醉组（S组）。P组和S组麻醉维持分别采用异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼和七氟烷复合芬太尼。术中以肌颤搐（TW）恢复的比值（%）来监测肌肉松弛程度（0% TW代表完全肌肉松弛）。记录两组患者0% TW的持续时间（T₀）以及恢复至5% TW、10% TW、20% TW和30% TW的时间（T₅、T₁₀、T₂₀、T₃₀）,在上述肌肉松弛条件下的喉返神经监测指标（EMG0、EMG5、EMG10、EMG20、EMG30）。记录两组患者术中出现体动反应的人数以及血流动力学变化情况。结果 P组患者的T₀、T₅、T₁₀、T₂₀和T₃₀均明显短于S组（P<0.05）。喉返神经监测指标在两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。P组患者首次诱发出喉返神经监测肌电信号的时间（35.6±4.7min）明显早于S组（44.4±4.5min）（P<0.05）。P组患者的体动反应人数（2名）明显少于S组（9名）（P<0.05）。P组患者的收缩压最高值（147.3±11.8mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa）和最大上升幅度（12.5%±8.6%）亦明显低于S组（157.2±10.9mmHg、18.0%±9.4%）（P<0.05）。结论 与吸入麻醉相比较,全凭静脉麻醉有利于更早地获得喉返神经监测肌电信号,而且血流动力学相对平稳、患者体动反应少,更适合于喉返神经监测手术的麻醉。     

肌张力障碍的肌电图表现

目的:采用定量和定性相结合的肌电图方法对肌张力障碍(dystonia)病人进行测定,观察肌电活动情况,评价肌电图在捡出异常肌肉中的价值。方法:观察肌张力障碍患者48例,正常健康人群12例分别在静息时、小收缩时和大收缩时的肌电活动。结果:肌张力障碍患者在静息时有不规则的群化电位出现,或活动后运动单位持续存在,是肌肉痉挛的特异性改变;大收缩时募集相不完全其转折数明显降低。结论:所有肌电图的表现提示上运动神经元-脊髓、脑干或大脑皮层的异常放电,对病人进行肌电图检查有助于提高受损肌肉的检出率。     

A role for CNS α-2 adrenergic receptors in opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat

A number of potential neurochemical mediators of opiate-induced muscle rigidity have been proposed based on the results of systemic drug studies and on knowledge of the brain sites implicated in opiate rigidity. The effects of i.c.v. pretreatment with selected opioidergic, α adrenergic and serotonergic drugs on muscle rigidity induced with systemic injection of the potent opiate agonist alfentanil (ALF) were investigated in spontaneously ventilating rats. The opiate antagonist methylnaloxonium (MN; 0.2–14 nmol), α-2 adrenergic agonists dexmedetomidine (DEX; 0.4–42 nmol) or 2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (ST91; 4–400 nmol), α-1 adrenergic antagonist prazosin (PRZ; 7–70 nmol) or serotonergic antagonist ketanserin (KET; 18–550 nmol) were injected i.c.v. (10 μl) and ALF (500 μg/kg s.c.) was administered 10 min later. S.c. electrodes were used to record gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. Both MN and DEX dose-dependently and potently antagonized ALF-induced rigidity. ST91 produced shorter-lived, less profound, antagonism of ALF rigidity. PRZ, at the highest dose tested, produced a delayed and modest reduction in ALF rigidity. A large, non-selective, dose of KET incompletely attenuated ALF rigidity. These results lend support to the hypothesis that central opioid and α-2 adrenergic receptors mediate opiate-induced muscle rigidity in the rat.     

Relationship between EMG-detected and ultrasound-detected fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A prospective cohort study

ObjectivesFasciculation potentials (FP) are an important consideration in the electrophysiological diagnosis of ALS. Muscle ultrasonography (MUS) has a higher sensitivity in detecting fasciculations than electromyography (EMG), while in some cases, it is unable to detect EMG-detected fasciculations. We aimed to investigate the differences of FP between the muscles with and without MUS-detected fasciculations (MUS-fas).MethodsThirty-one consecutive patients with sporadic ALS were prospectively recruited and in those, both needle EMG and MUS were performed. Analyses of the amplitude, duration, and number of phases of EMG-detected FPs were performed for seven muscles per patient, and results were compared between the muscles with and without MUS-fas in the total cohort.ResultsThe mean amplitude and phase number of FP were significantly lower in patients with EMG-detected FP alone (0.39 ± 0.25 mV and 3.21 ± 0.88, respectively) than in those with both FP and MUS-fas (1.22 ± 0.92 mV and 3.74 ± 1.39, respectively; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.017, Welch’s t-test).ConclusionSmall FP may be undetectable with MUS. MUS cannot replace EMG in the diagnostic approach for ALS.SignificanceClinicians should use a combination of EMG and MUS for the detection and quantitative analysis of fasciculation in ALS.     

肌电生物反馈疗法在重症手足口病患儿康复中的对照研究

目的观察肌电生物反馈疗法在重症手足口病患者康复中的作用。方法将36例重症手足口病伴急性迟缓性瘫痪患儿随机分为肌电生物反馈治疗组和对照组。2组均予运动疗法、等速肌力训练、引导式教育、普通针刺等治疗,肌电生物反馈治疗组加用MyoTrac肌电生物反馈系统。分别在治疗前、治疗后1个月对患儿进行被动踝关节关节活动度(ROM)测量、胫骨前肌表面肌电检测。结果治疗后2组踝关节ROM增加、自主收缩时胫骨前肌肌电积分(iEMG)均较治疗前提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后2组间对比,肌电生物反馈治疗组患儿踝关节ROM及胫骨前肌的iEMG均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论肌电生物反馈疗法能显著提高重症手足口病伴急性迟缓性瘫痪患儿的下肢运动功能,可作为该类患儿下肢功能康复的一种有效治疗方法。     

肌病患者膈肌肌电图初步研究

目的：初步探讨膈肌肌电图（DEMG）在肌病患者的应用及特点。方法：以同心圆针电极用肋间隙进针法分别记录屏气，平静吸气和深吸气时30例肌病患者和13例22块健康对照者的膈肌肌电活动。19例患者同时接受用力肺活量百分比（％FVC）测定。结果：所有受检者均无任何并发症。与对照者相比，肌病患者屏气时可见纤颤电位及正锐波等自发电位；平静吸气时膈肌运动单位动作电位时限和去多相时限均缩短，面积对数减少，波幅对数，多相波和卫星电位无明显变化，自发电位与临床呼吸困难和％FVC相关，去多相时限异常率高于临床呼吸困难出现率，结论：针极DEMG能从电生理角度评价肌病患者呼吸功能；时限和自发电位是敏感指标。     

Neuromuscular assessment in elderly workers with and without work related shoulder/neck trouble: the NEW-study design and physiological findings

Musculoskeletal disorders in the neck and shoulder area are a major occupational concern in the European countries especially among elderly females. The aim was to assess these disorders based on quantitative EMG indicators and functional tests. 252 female computer users (45–68 years) were recruited from four European countries in two contrast groups: (1) 88 neck/shoulder (NS) cases reporting trouble in the neck and/or shoulder region for more than 30 days during the last year, and (2) 164 NS-controls reporting such trouble for no more than 7 days. Questionnaires, functional/clinical tests, and physiological recordings were performed in workplace related field studies. The results showed no differences in anthropometrics but NS-cases reported more strained head positions and more eye problems than controls. The psychosocial working factors were similar, although, NS-controls had slightly better scores on working conditions, general health, and vitality compared to cases. The NS-cases had lower maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) during shoulder elevation (mean (SD) 310 (122) N) compared to the controls (364 (122) N). During 30% MVC electromyography (EMGrms) in the trapezius muscle was lower in NS-cases (194 (105) μV) than in controls (256 (169) μV), while no differences were found regarding endurance time. Estimated conduction velocity was not different between NS-cases and -controls. Four functional computer tests were performed equally well by NS-cases and -controls, and the corresponding EMG variables also did not differ. A major finding in this large-scale epidemiological study is the significantly lower MVC in NS-cases compared with NS-controls together with lower EMGrms value at 30% MVC, while computer tasks were performed at similar relative muscle activation. The study was unable to reveal quantitative EMG indicators and functional tests that could objectively assess disorders in NS-cases.     

Antagonist moment of force during maximal knee extension in pubertal boys: effects of quadriceps fatigue

The examination of the moment exerted by the hamstrings during maximum isokinetic knee extensor tests is useful when comparing isokinetic strength and muscle activity patterns between children and adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of antagonist moment of the hamstrings on the isokinetic moment of the knee extensors in pubertal children and to determine whether this effect is altered following a fatigue task. Eighteen healthy pubertal males [age 14.3 (0.5) years] performed 34 maximal isokinetic concentric efforts of the knee extensors at 60°·s⁻¹. The average moment of force and electromyographic (aEMG) signal of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) at 11–30°, 31–50°, 51–70° and 71–90° of knee flexion were calculated for each repetition. The hamstrings antagonist moment was determined before and after the fatigue task by fitting the aEMG–moment relationship at different levels of muscle effort using second-degree polynomials. The percentage contribution of the antagonist moment to the resultant joint moment ranged from 7.1 % to 60.4 % throughout the range of motion, with the highest percentage observed close to full knee extension (11–30°). The antagonist effect was significantly greater during concentric tests of the knee extensors compared to the corresponding eccentric tests (p<0.05). Following the fatigue test, there was an overall decline of the resultant joint moment, but no changes in the predicted hamstrings moment were observed. These results indicate that when testing maximal knee extensor isokinetic strength in pubertal boys, activity of the hamstrings implies a reduction of the net extensor moment as compared to the isolated capacity of the knee extensors. However, this antagonist effect is not altered following the performance of an isokinetic fatigue knee extension task. Electronic Publication     

Trunk muscle activity during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks

A unique feature of trunk muscles is that they can be activated to meet functional requirements for combined behaviors, including those related to posture and breathing. Trunk muscles therefore may have developed mechanisms for dealing with simultaneous inputs for different task requirements. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a linear addition in trunk muscle activities would occur when an isometric trunk task and a pulsed expiration task was performed simultaneously. Surface electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from four trunk regions (medial and lateral back, upper and lower lateral abdomen) in sitting during the performance of the individual isometric trunk task, the individual pressure task, and the combined task (isometric trunk and pressure task). The direction of static holding for the isometric trunk task was varied between flexion and extension positions. For the pressure task subjects produced two consecutive pressure pulses (2/s) to a target oral pressure. For each muscle recording, a linear prediction was calculated from the mathematical addition of the EMG recorded from the individual trunk and pressure tasks. This linear prediction was compared to the actual muscle activity recorded during the combined task. Typically the EMG from two muscles showed linear addition, such that the relative contribution of muscle activity did not change for the combined task. This suggests that the motor commands for each task reached these motor neuron pools essentially unmodified. The other two muscles showed nonlinear combination of two EMG patterns. That is, qualitatively both EMG patterns, specific to each command, were evident in the measured EMG traces for the combined task, but quantitatively the muscle did not meet all criteria for linear addition. Linear addition may provide a simple mechanism for combining breathing-related behaviors (expiratory efforts) with other trunk behaviors (holding against gravity). This suggests that some muscles can be shared for two different voluntary tasks without changing their contribution to either component task. At the same time, nonlinear combination suggests that some muscles are shared, but their contribution to either component task may be modulated, thus avoiding the construction of a third new and unique plan.     

肌电图检查对声带麻痹预后的评估

目的 :探讨喉肌电图检查对声带麻痹预后的评估作用。方法 :对 4 6例单侧声带麻痹且固定的患者行甲杓肌的自发肌电图检查 ,分析甲杓肌失神经电位及运动单位波形、时程、电位幅度及运动单位平方根 (RMS)值 ;喉镜观察声带运动恢复情况。结果 :病程在 6个月以内 ,肌电图出现正常的运动单位波形、无电静息 ,提示预后较好 ,判断准确率为 76 % ;RMS值在用力发音时大于 2 6 μV ,提示声带运动可恢复 ,判断准确率为 80 %。综合两者 ,判断准确率为 84 %。声带麻痹 6个月以上者 ,无论肌电图检查结果如何 ,声带运动均无恢复。运动单位时程及电位幅度对判断预后价值不大。结论 :将喉肌电图定性指标与RMS值进行综合分析 ,可提高对声带麻痹预后判断的准确率