中国不同民族刺络放血疗法的比较研究

刺血疗法是中国的一种民间疗法，其历史源远流长，除汉族已形成自己独特的理论体系和方法之外，其他民族的刺血疗法也是丰富多彩，各具特色。在参阅相关文献的基础上，从放血工具、放血部位、放血方法、放血量和放血的适应症等角度对11个少数民族的刺血方法进行了比较。     

民族药臭灵丹的生药学研究

目的：为研究和开发菊科四棱峰属植物臭灵丹laggera pterodonta(D．C)benth提供依据。方法：采用来源鉴定、性状鉴定、显微及理化鉴定的方法作系统的生药学研究。结果：证明其主要化学成分为黄酮类化合物、倍半萜类化合物等，组织特征为茎维管束23～29个；叶中脉维管束5～8个；全体密被非腺毛。结论：为制定药材质量标准、研究和开发利用该药资源提供了理伦依据。     

临夏州东乡族学龄前儿童营养状况3年对比分析

【摘要】目的 探讨西部地区临夏州东乡族学龄前儿童的3年营养状况变化情况,为该群体适宜的营养干预提供依据。方法 随机抽取2012年临夏东乡族自治县111名3～6岁东乡族儿童为调查对象,采用24小时回顾法结合半定量食物频率法的方法进行膳食调查及体格检查,并与3年前（2009年）研究结果进行对比分析。结果 调查对象膳食结构依然不合理,动物性食物及豆类的摄入量较3年前有一定的增加（P＜0.05）,蔬菜、水果的摄入量有所下降（P＜0.05）,奶类的摄入量（129.4g）明显不足,而油脂的摄入（40g）过量;三大宏量营养素的摄入量较3年前有一定变化,其中脂类的摄入量较3年前明显增加（P＜0.05）,但均未达到参考摄入量（能量占参考摄入量的63%,蛋白质51%,脂类85%）,此外,包括维生素A、维生素C、钙、铁、锌等在内的大部分营养素摄入不足的问题依然没有得到改善。结论 东乡族学龄前儿童营养状况不容乐观,与3年前相比,膳食结构不合理、营养素摄入不足的状况依然存在。呼吁相关部门及社会给予关注,提倡加强营养健康教育,在增加其膳食摄入量总量的同时,合理优化膳食结构,必要时进行营养补充剂的强化,以纠正其营养不良现状,促进其生长发育,预防相关慢性病的发生。     

High Prevalence of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Carotid Ultrasound among Mexican Americans: Discordance with 10‐Year Risk Assessment using the Framingham Risk Score

Background: Framingham risk scores (FRS) were validated in a mostly Caucasian population. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by carotid ultrasound may improve ascertainment of risk in nonwhite populations. This study aimed to evaluate carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaquing among Mexican Americans, and to correlate these markers with coronary risk factors and the FRS. Methods/Results: Participants (n = 141) were drawn from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Carotid artery ultrasound was performed and cIMT measured. Carotid plaque was defined as areas of thickening >50% of the thickness of the surrounding walls. Mean age was 53.1 ± 11.7 years (73.8% female). Most were overweight or obese (88.7%) and more than half (53.2%) had the metabolic syndrome. One third (34.8%) had abnormal carotid ultrasound findings (either cIMT ≥75th percentile for gender and age or presence of plaque). Among those with abnormal carotid ultrasound, the majority were classified as being at low 10‐year risk for cardiovascular events. Carotid ultrasound reclassified nearly a third of the cohort as being at high risk. This discordance between 10‐year FRS and carotid ultrasound was noted whether risk was assessed for hard coronary events or global risk. Concordance between FRS and carotid ultrasound findings was best when long‐term (30‐year) risk was assessed and no subject with an abnormal carotid ultrasound was categorized as low risk by the 30‐year FRS algorithm. Conclusions: Integration of carotid ultrasound findings to coronary risk assessments and use of longer term prediction models may provide better risk assessment in this minority population, with earlier initiation of appropriate therapies.     

What Can Health Communication Science Offer for ACA Implementation? Five Evidence-Informed Strategies for Expanding Medicaid Enrollment

Context: Implementing the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014 will require effective enrollment and outreach efforts to previously uninsured individuals now eligible for coverage.Methods: From 1996 to 2013, the Health Communication Research Laboratory conducted more than 40 original studies with more than 30,000 participants to learn how to improve the reach to and effectiveness of health information for low-income and racial/ethnic minority populations. We synthesized the findings from this body of research and used them to inform current challenges in implementing the ACA.Findings: We found empirical support for 5 recommendations regarding partnerships, outreach, messages and messengers, life priorities of low-income individuals and families, and the information environment. We translated these into 12 action steps.Conclusions: Health communication science can inform the development and execution of strategies to increase the public''s understanding of the ACA and to support the enrollment of eligible individuals into Medicaid or the Health Insurance Marketplace.     

Consumer Health Resources for Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups

Culturally appropriate health materials for consumers can be difficult to identify. Many federal resources exist to help support minority health initiatives. In addition, national nonprofit organizations and state agencies provide materials to address the health needs of African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, American Indians/Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. This listing offers an initial list of primary resources that librarians can use to address consumer health inquiries from the public.     

Modeling the Impact of PrEP Programs for Adolescent Sexual Minority Males Based on Empirical Estimates for the PrEP Continuum of Care

PurposePre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)—an effective and safe intervention to prevent HIV transmission—was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use by adolescents. Informed by studies of sexual behavior and PrEP adherence, retention, and promotion, we model the potential impact of PrEP use among at-risk adolescent sexual minority males.MethodsWe simulate an HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 13–39. We assume adult MSM ages 19–39 have had PrEP available for 3 years with 20% coverage among eligible MSM based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. PrEP interventions for ages 16–18 are then simulated using adherence and retention profiles drawn from the ATN113 and Enhancing Preexposure Prophylaxis in Community studies across a range of uptake parameters (10%–100%). Partnerships across age groups were modeled using parameterizations from the RADAR study. We compare the percent of incident infections averted (impact), person-years on PrEP per infection averted (efficiency), and changes in prevalence over 10 years.ResultsAs compared to no PrEP use, baseline PrEP adherence and retention among adolescent sexual minority males drawn from the ATN113 and Enhancing Preexposure Prophylaxis in Community studies averted from 2.8% to 41.0% of HIV infections depending on the fraction of eligible adolescent sexual minority males that initiated PrEP at their annual health-care visit. Improved adherence and retention achieved with an array of focused interventions from real-world settings increased the percent of infections averted by as much as 26%–70%.ConclusionsEmpirically demonstrated improvements in the PrEP continuum of care in response to existing interventions can substantially reduce incident HIV infections among adolescent sexual minority males.     

Characteristics and Outcome of Minority Group Patients in Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Minority status is associated with mental and physical morbidity, substance dependence, and poor outcomes. To compare characteristics and treatment outcomes between patients from two minority groups in Israel (Christians and Muslims) and patients from the majority population (Jews) in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), we prospectively studied all patients admitted to our clinic between 1993 and 2012 and followed up until 2013; 655 Jews, 67 Christians, and 37 Muslims. Christian patients differed from Jews and Muslims by younger age at admission to MMT, greater prevalence of drug injectors, and a higher proportion of Hepatitis-C and HIV sera positive. Muslims had comparatively less education and a lower proportion of females. The three groups had similar rates of one-year retention (75.9%) and opiate abstinence (68.1%). They also did not differ in long-term retention (up to 20 years): Muslims 5.5 years (95%CI 3.6-7.4), Christians 7.5 years (95%CI 6-9.1), and Jews 7.6 years (95%CI 7-8.2, p = .3). The Hepatitis-C incidence, however, was higher among the 21 admitted Hepatitis-C seronegative minorities (5.0/100 person years) than the 207 Hepatitis-C seronegative non-minority patients (1.7/100 person years, p=0.03). All groups had good treatment outcomes, except for Hepatitis-C seroconversion, which necessitates a specific preventive intervention among the minority groups.     

Validating a Hazardous Drinking Index in a Sample of Sexual Minority Women: Reliability,Validity, and Predictive Accuracy

Background: Although sexual minority women (SMW) are at increased risk of hazardous drinking (HD), efforts to validate HD measures have yet to focus on this population. Objectives: Validation of a 13-item Hazardous Drinking Index (HDI) in a large sample of SMW. Methods: Data were from 700 adult SMW (age 18-82) enrolled in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. Criterion measures included counts of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, average daily and 30-day ethanol consumption, risky sexual behavior, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) measures of alcohol abuse/dependence. Analyses included assessment of internal consistency, construction of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to predict alcohol abuse/dependence, and correlations between HDI and criterion measures. We compared the psychometric properties (diagnostic accuracy and correlates of hazardous drinking) of the HDI to the commonly used CAGE instrument. Results: KR-20 reliability for the HDI was 0.80, compared to 0.74 for the CAGE. Predictive accuracy, as measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for alcohol abuse/dependence, was HDI: 0.89; CAGE: 0.84. The HDI evidenced the best predictive efficacy and tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity. Results supported the concurrent validity of the HDI measure. Conclusions: The Hazardous Drinking Index is a reliable and valid measure of hazardous drinking for sexual minority women.