中国西部健康人群口服替诺福韦富马酸酯片的药动学研究

目的:研究口服替诺福韦富马酸酯片在中国西部健康人群的药动学特征。方法:24名健康志愿者随机分为3组,每组8人,分别给予替诺福韦富马酸酯片300mg、恩曲他滨胶囊200mg+替诺福韦富马酸酯片300mg、脂肪食物(食物中脂肪比例50%)+替诺福韦富马酸酯片300mg,分别在服药前0h及服药后0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、36、48、72h时取静脉血2mL,分离血浆,采用固相萃取,以高效液相色谱-紫外(HPLC-UV)法测定替诺福韦血药浓度,以DAS(Ver2.1.1)软件计算药动学参数。结果:3组药动学参数分别为:t1/(218.78±3.28)、(12.72±2.83)、(13.08±1.47)h,tma(x1.05±0.16)、(1.28±0.30)、(1.55±0.37)h,cma(x290.71±63.21)、(420.84±96.71)、(429.06±174.81)ng·mL-1,AUC0～7(21871.60±377.00)、(3869.42±962.85)、(3569.47±633.47)μg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞(2284.16±373.54)、(4107.09±974.82)、(3856.00±618.39)μg·h·L-1,CL/F(2.25±0.39)、(1.28±0.28)、(1.33±0.20)L·h-1·kg-1。与替诺福韦富马酸酯组比较,恩曲他滨+替诺福韦富马酸酯组、脂肪食物+替诺福韦富马酸酯组的t1/2降低,cmax、AUC0～72、AUC0～∞、tmax均明显增加。结论:中国西部人群单独给予替诺福韦富马酸酯的药动学特征与国外人群相似,高脂肪饮食以及合用恩曲他滨可改变替诺福韦的药动学特征。     

Safety and Efficacy of Eucaloric Very Low-Carb Diet (EVLCD) in Type 1 Diabetes: A One-Year Real-Life Retrospective Experience

A eucaloric very low carbohydrate diet (EVLCD) is a diet with a daily caloric intake equal to the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) with a carbohydrate content of <50 g/day. The literature on very low carbohydrate diets (VLCD) in type 1 diabetes (DM 1) is limited, although recently published scientific studies have highlighted their safety and efficacy in managing DM 1. In this retrospective analysis, we report the clinical data of 33 patients affected by DM 1 carrying out insulin therapy who switched voluntarily from their usual diet (high carb, low fat) to an EVLCD. Our aim is to evaluate the glycemic control, the amount of insulin needed in order to maintain glycemic control and safety of EVLCD. The switch improved glycemic control (mean glycated hemoglobin decreased from 8.3% to 6.8% (p < 0.01). The number of patients who reached a glycated hemoglobin value of <7% increased statistically from 12% to 57% (p < 0.01), and there was a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the units of daily insulin (from 36.7± 14.9 IU to 28.9 ±9.1 IU) A reduction from 54% to 24% in clinical level 2 hypoglycemia episodes was reported. No cases of severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis were observed. The results of the study support that EVLCD in DM 1 seems safe and effective when adopted under tight medical supervision.     

Body Fat Moderates the Association of Olfactory Dysfunction with Dietary Intake in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2013–2014

Background: Obesity relates to impaired olfactory function. Abnormal olfactory function is also associated with poor diet; however, whether obesity-related markers shape this relationship is unknown. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis (n = 1415, age > 40 years) of NHANES 2013–2014 examined body fat percent (BF%) and waist circumference (WC) as moderators of the relationship between olfactory function and diet. The olfactory function test identified adults with olfactory dysfunction (OD) or normal olfaction (NO). Validated 24 h recall captured nutrient intake and Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores. BF% and WC were measured. We tested adjusted linear regression models, with an interaction term between olfactory function and BF%/WC, for each nutrient or HEI score, and reported coefficients (β), standard errors (SE), and p-values for significant interaction terms. Results: In OD (9.5%; mean age 50.9 years, 95% CI 49.6, 52.2) compared with NO (mean age 49.3 years, 95% CI 48.8, 49.9), higher BF% was associated with higher intake of saturated fat (β (SE): 0.2 (0.1) g; p = 0.06) and percent of total calories from total fat (0.2 (0.1); p = 0.07), saturated (0.1 (0.004); p = 0.02), and monounsaturated fat (0.1 (0.1); p = 0.08); lower percent of total calories from carbohydrates (−0.2 (0.1); p = 0.09) and mg of sodium (−17.8 (09.6); p = 0.08); and a higher (healthier) refined grain score (0.1 (0.1); p = 0.04). Higher WC was associated with higher refined grain scores (0.01 (0.02); p = 0.01) in OD. Conclusion: BF% may shape dietary intake and quality in OD. Longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the directionality of these relationships and develop strategies to improve dietary intake among OD.     

Associations between the Nutrient Profiling System Underlying the Nutri-Score Nutrition Label and Biomarkers of Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Middle- to Older-Aged Population

Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with a range of conditions. Diet may modulate inflammation and public health strategies are needed to guide consumers’ dietary choices and help prevent diet-related disease. The Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS) constitutes the basis of the five-colour front-of-pack Nutri-Score labelling system. No study to date has examined FSAm-NPS dietary index associations with biomarkers of inflammation. Therefore, our objective was to test relationships between the FSAm-NPS and a range of inflammatory biomarkers in a cross-sectional sample of 2006 men and women aged 46–73 years. Individual participant FSAm-NPS scores were derived from food frequency questionnaires. Pro-inflammatory cytokine, adipocytokine, acute-phase response protein, coagulation factor and white blood cell count concentrations were determined. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to examine FSAm-NPS relationships with biomarker levels. In crude and adjusted analyses, higher FSAm-NPS scores, reflecting poorer nutritional quality, were consistently and positively associated with biomarkers. In fully adjusted models, significant associations with concentrations of complement component 3, c-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, resistin, white blood cell count, neutrophils, eosinophils and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio persisted. These results suggest that dietary quality, determined by Nutri-Score rating, is associated with inflammatory biomarkers related to health.     

Epigenome Modulation Induced by Ketogenic Diets

Ketogenic diets (KD) are dietary strategies low in carbohydrates, normal in protein, and high, normal, or reduced in fat with or without (Very Low-Calories Ketogenic Diet, VLCKD) a reduced caloric intake. KDs have been shown to be useful in the treatment of obesity, metabolic diseases and related disorders, neurological diseases, and various pathological conditions such as cancer, nonalcoholic liver disease, and chronic pain. Several studies have investigated the intracellular metabolic pathways that contribute to the beneficial effects of these diets. Although epigenetic changes are among the most important determinants of an organism’s ability to adapt to environmental changes, data on the epigenetic changes associated with these dietary pathways are still limited. This review provides an overview of the major epigenetic changes associated with KDs.     

Maternal Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods-Rich Diet and Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF)-rich diets represents a potential threat to human health. Considering maternal diet adequacy during pregnancy is a major determinant for perinatal health outcomes, this study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze studies investigating the association between maternal consumption of a UPF-rich diet and perinatal outcomes. Conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, five electronic databases and gray literature using Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global were searched up to 31 May 2022. No restrictions were applied on language and publication date. Two reviewers independently conducted the study selection and data extraction process. Meta-analysis was conducted according to the random-effects model. In total, 61 studies were included in the systematic review and the overall population comprised 698,803 women from all gestational trimesters. Meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that maternal consumption of UPF-rich diets was associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (odds ratio (OR): 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 1.87) and preeclampsia (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.42). Neonatal outcomes showed no association. The overall GRADE quality of the evidence for the associations was very low. The findings highlight the need to monitor and reduce UPF consumption, specifically during the gestational period, as a strategy to prevent adverse perinatal outcomes.     

蛋白质膳食管理对腹膜透析病人血浆蛋白的影响

目的:探讨蛋白质膳食管理对腹膜透析病人血浆蛋白的影响。方法:随机抽取在我院进行腹膜透析的社保病人40例,并将其随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组除进行口头宣教外,还根据病人体重、饮食习惯,制定具体的蛋白质摄入方案;对照组则只进行口头宣教。实施管理后每月复查血浆蛋白。结果:实施蛋白质膳食管理10个月后,实验组第1个月和第2个月病人的总蛋白值和白蛋白值与管理前相比较没有统计学意义(P>0.05),从第3个月起病人的总蛋白值和白蛋白值与管理前相比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),而其球蛋白值在管理前后的差异均没有统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组病人的总蛋白值、白蛋白值和球蛋白值在管理前后的差异均没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对腹膜透析病人实行长期的蛋白质膳食管理可有效提高病人的血浆蛋白。     

Antidiabetic and Anti-oxidative Effects of Honokiol on Diabetic Rats Induced by High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

Objective To study the antidiabetic and anti-oxidative effects of honokiol(Hon)in Magnolia officinalis and its underlying molecular mechanism in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet(HFD)and streptozotocin(STZ).Methods After ig administration with Hon[25,50,and 100 mg/(kg·d)]to diabetic rats for consecutive 10 weeks,the levels of blood glucose(BG),oral glucose tolerance(OGT),blood lipids including total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C),hepatic oxidative stress including the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),methane dicarboxylic aldehyde(MDA),and cytochrome P4502E1(CYP2E1)in diabetic rats were measured.Results Compared to the diabetic control rats,ig administration of Hon resulted in significant decrease in BG,TC,TG,and LDL-C levels in serum,as well as hepatic CYP2E1 activity and MDA content in diabetic rats,whereas the level of OGT and activities of hepatic CAT,SOD,and GSH-Px in diabetic rats were significantly increased.Conclusion Hon could alleviate hyperglycemia,hyperlipemia,hepatic oxidative damage,and insulin resistance in diabetic rats by inhibiting hepatic CYP2E1 activity.     

Factors affecting adherence to a raw vegan diet

The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence and identify predictors of adherence to a raw vegan diet (i.e., uncooked plant foods) following a stay at a raw vegan institute. In this cohort study of guests at a raw vegan institute, subjects completed written questionnaires upon arrival and 12 weeks later. Of 107 eligible guests, 84 participated. Mean age was 54 years, 23 were male, and 73 white. Fifty-one completed the 12-week follow-up. Eight (16%) reported their diet to be 80% raw vegan at baseline and 14 (28%) at follow-up. Based on a raw vegan dietary adherence score (range 0-42) created for this study, mean adherence (SD) increased from 15.1 (5.4) to 17.0 (5.8) over 12 weeks (p=0.03). Baseline predictors of adherence included: education (beta=0.95), severity of disease (beta=0.98), and self-efficacy to adhere (beta=0.72). Future interventions that evaluate this diet should address self-efficacy, an important, potentially remediable predictor of adherence.