间充质干细胞治疗的安全性及伦理问题探讨

间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal stem cells,MSC）的免疫调节、造血支持及促血管新生的功能特点,使其成为继造血干细胞之后又一个有望应用于临床的成体干细胞.有些国家已经批准MSC作为药物,用于治疗移植物抗宿主病、克隆氏病、骨关节炎等疾病;同时,数百个临床试验也在进行中,上万人已经接受了MSC治疗.然而,MSC本身及其治疗过程,都可能引起相应的毒副反应,甚至产生致命的并发症.因此,在MSC治疗某些疾病效果尚存在争议的情况下,进行这种新型细胞治疗的临床试验,应重视符合医学伦理规范的受试者知情权保护.参试者有权了解细胞治疗细节及其可能机制,潜在的风险及规避措施,其他可以采用的治疗手段及其与细胞治疗的比较等细节,以切实保护受试者权益.     

Can Our Schools Help Us Preserve Democracy? Special Challenges at a Time of Shifting Norms

Civic education that prepares students for principled civic participation is vital to democracy. Schools face significant challenges, however, as they attempt to educate for democracy in a democracy in crisis. Parents, educators, and policy‐makers disagree about what America's civic future should look like, and hence about what schools should teach. Likewise, hyperpartisanship, mutual mistrust, and the breakdown of democratic norms are perverting the kinds of civic relationships and values that schools want to model and achieve. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence that young people want to be civically engaged and are hungry for more and better civic learning opportunities. Reviving the civic mission of schools is thus a win‐win‐win. Adults want it, youth want it, and democracy needs it. We propose three means by which educators and the public can reconstruct our common purpose and achieve civic innovation to help democracy in crisis: support action civics, strengthen youth leadership outside the classroom, and engage both students and adults with “hard history” and contemporary controversies.     

针灸治疗原发性痛经优化方案评价及临床共性技术研究概述

"针灸治疗原发性痛经优化方案评价及临床共性技术研究"旨在前期临床和科研的基础上,以中医理论为指导,采用前瞻性、多中心、大样本、随机对照等研究方法,即运用规范化的临床研究及评价体系,开展针灸治疗原发性痛经的优化方案评价和临床共性技术研究。介绍了课题任务解决的主要技术难点和问题、研究内容及方案、课题创新及研究意义等。     

“生物黑客”安全问题分析及对策研究

随着现代生物科技的发展和基因研究手段的改进,一些生物学业余爱好者具备了从事基因研究的条件,生物黑客现象逐渐进入人们的视野,并带来了新的安全问题。该文在探讨生物黑客安全概念的基础上,列举了生物黑客安全问题的表现形式,分析其产生的根源,并提出防范生物黑客袭击的措施,为辩证、客观地认识生物黑客安全问题提供理论参考和借鉴。     

Midwifery education and maternal and neonatal health issues: challenges in Pakistan

Although numerous health care interventions have been implemented in Pakistan, the high maternal and neonatal mortality rates still remain a challenge. Developed countries have reduced maternal and neonatal mortality rates by improving the skill and knowledge levels of nurse-midwives. This paper reviews maternal and neonatal health issues, challenges in current midwifery education, and the role of government and international agencies in Pakistan. The exact maternal and neonatal mortality rates in Pakistan are unknown; a census has not occurred since 1998, and data provided in more recent studies were presented in summary format. A number of factors that contribute to the high mortality rate could easily be controlled by using competent nurse-midwives throughout all levels of the Pakistani health care system. A reduction in the maternal mortality rate is likely to occur if the Pakistan government and international agencies work together to implement specific recommendations in maternal and neonatal health. These recommendations include: 1) holding an invitational conference; 2) strengthening the existing midwifery and Lady Health Visitor curricula; 3) pilot testing an expanded midwifery program; and 4) advocating for and obtaining political commitments and resources for midwifery education.     

关于社区卫生服务中的几个伦理问题

社区卫生服务是我国卫生服务体系的重要组成部分,社区卫生服务在发展过程中受到了多方因素的影响,这其中就包括伦理问题。为了社区卫生服务的长期稳定发展,必须重视社区卫生服务中人性化服务、隐私、弱势群体等伦理问题。