The Survey ofCronobacterspp. (formerlyEnterbacter sakazakii) in Infant and Follow-up Powdered Formula in China in 2012

ObjectiveTo determineCronobacterspp.contamination in infant and follow-up powdered formula in China. MethodsAll of 2282 samples were collected from theretailmarkets in China from January 2012 to December 2012, and analyzed forCronobacter spp.by theChineseNationalFood Safety Standard. Characterization of the isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) withXbaI and SpeI restriction enzymes. ResultsCronobacterspp. strains were isolated from 25 samples, and the positive rates ininfant powdered formulas and follow-up powdered formulas were 0.90% (10/1011) and 1.18% (15/1271), respectively. Analysis of variable data regarding different purchasing store formats, seasonality, and production locations as well as comparison of infant versus follow-up formulas did not reveal statistically significant factors. During the sampling period, one of six surveillance zones did exhibit a statistically significant trend towards higher positive rate. PFGE characterization ofCronobacterspp.to elucidate genetic diversity revealed only three pairs ofCronobacterspp.out of 25 having the same PFGE patterns. ConclusionThe current investigation indicated a lower positive rate ofCronobacterspp.in the powdered formula in China.This evidence suggested contamination originating from multiple different sources during the manufacturing process.     

Effects of Various Pharmaceutical Excipients on the Intestinal Transport and Absorption of Sulfasalazine,a Typical Substrate of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Transporter

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transporter is an efflux transporter that utilizes energy from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis to push its substrates, regardless of the concentration gradient. Its presence on the apical membrane of the intestinal mucosa is a major obstacle for the intestinal absorption of its substrates. In this study, we examined the effects of various pharmaceutical excipients on the intestinal transport and absorption of sulfasalazine, a BCRP substrate. Four excipients, including 0.05% and 0.075% BL-9EX, 0.01% and 0.05% Brij 97, 0.075% Labrasol, and 0.05% and 0.1% Tween 20 decreased the secretory transport of sulfasalazine in an in vitro diffusion chamber. Further investigation in an in situ closed loop experiment in rats showed that 0.05% and 0.1% BL-9EX and 0.1% Brij 97 effectively enhanced the intestinal absorption of sulfasalazine while maintaining minimal toxicity to the intestinal mucosa. However, 0.1% Brij 97 also increased the intestinal absorption of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, a paracellular marker compound. These findings suggest that BL-9EX might effectively inhibit the BCRP-mediated efflux of sulfasalazine in vivo, indicating that BL-9EX could improve the intestinal absorption of sulfasalazine and other BCRP substrates.     

益气补肾方含药血清对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖转移及CD44+EpCAM+干细胞比例的影响

目的 探讨益气补肾方含药血清对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖转移能力及CD44⁺EpCAM⁺干细胞比例的影响。方法 分别以低、中、高不同浓度益气补肾方含药血清及空白血清干预人胃癌细胞SGC-7901。采用MTT法检测24,48,72 h细胞增殖抑制率,Transwell小室检测胃癌细胞迁移侵袭能力。采用5-氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）共培养富集胃癌干细胞,流式细胞术检测药物干预后CD44⁺EpCAM⁺干细胞比例。结果 干预48,72 h后,益气补肾方组细胞增殖抑制率显著高于同时期阴性对照组及空白对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Transwell结果显示,与阴性对照组和空白对照组比较,益气补肾方各组透膜细胞数显著降低,迁移能力受明显抑制,差异有显著统计学意义（P<0.01）。流式细胞术结果显示,终浓度为20 μg·mL^-1的5-Fu共培养24 h后,胃癌干细胞比例显著提升,益气补肾方干预后各组细胞中CD44⁺EpCAM⁺干细胞比例均下调,中、高浓度组与模型对照组相比,差异有显著统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 益气补肾方含药血清能显著抑制人胃癌细胞SGC-7901增殖,并呈时间、剂量相关性,其抗转移作用可能与下调胃癌干细胞表面标志物CD44、EpCAM表达,降低CD44⁺EpCAM⁺干细胞比例有关。     

An overview of monitoring and supplementation of omega 3 fatty acids in cystic fibrosis

Essential fatty acid deficiency has been increasingly reported in patients with cystic fibrosis. The purpose of this work is to critically summarize previous data on fatty acid status and ω3 supplementation in cystic fibrosis. Although the reported abnormalities differ from study to study, the two most consistent features appeared to be reduced circulating levels of linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). On the assumption that the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte cell membranes may be similar to that of other organs, it seems appropriate to monitor the phospholipid profile from erythrocyte membranes together with circulating blood levels. Formulations containing widely variable DHA doses, ranging from 300 mg to 5 g per day, have been administered to patients with cystic fibrosis with discrepant outcomes. Randomized controlled trials are needed in order to draw firm conclusions on the therapeutic effect of ω3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis.     

Burn resuscitation on the African continent

A survey of members of the International Society of Burn Injuries (ISBI) and the American Burn Association (ABA) indicated that although there was difference in burn resuscitation protocols, they all fulfilled their functions. This study presents the findings of the same survey replicated in Africa, the only continent not included in the original survey.One hundred and eight responses were received. The mean annual number of admissions per unit was ninety-eight. Fluid resuscitation was usually initiated with total body surface area burns of either more than ten or more than fifteen percent. Twenty-six respondents made use of enteral resuscitation.The preferred resuscitation formula was the Parkland formula, and Ringer's Lactate was the favoured intravenous fluid. Despite satisfaction with the formula, many respondents believed that patients received volumes that differed from that predicted. Urine output was the principle guide to adequate resuscitation, with only twenty-one using the evolving clinical picture and thirty using invasive monitoring methods. Only fifty-one respondents replied to the question relating to the method of adjusting resuscitation. While colloids are not available in many parts of the African continent on account of cost, one might infer than African burn surgeons make better use of enteral resuscitation.     

复方中药抑制非酒精性脂肪肝肝细胞色素P450ⅡE1表达的实验研究

目的:研究复方中药对非酒精性脂肪肝肝细胞色素P450ⅡE1表达的影响。方法:用高脂饲料诱导大鼠脂肪肝模型,同时给于复方中药干预,观察肝组织病理形态的变化和肝细胞色素P450ⅡE1的表达,测定肝MDA和SOD、GSH、Vit E以及TG含量的变化,并与对照组比较。结果:中药组的肝组织脂肪变性基本恢复正常.免疫组化证明复方中药能显著抑制脂肪肝肝细胞色素P450ⅡE1的表达,同时肝内MDA和SOD、GSH、Vit E及TG的含量回复到接近正常,结论:该复方中药能显著抑制脂肪肝肝细胞色素P450ⅡE1表达.因而具有防止脂肪肝的作用     

活血舒心方治疗变异性心绞痛临床研究

目的：研究活血舒心方治疗变异性心绞痛的疗效。方法：65例符合诊断标准按密封信法分为对照组、治疗组,对照组33例给予阿司匹林、钙拮抗剂/β受体阻滞剂、硝酸酯类,并给予基础疾病的支持治疗。治疗组32例在对照组治疗基础上给予活血舒心方加减治疗,两组均连续治疗1个月后评定临床症状、实验室指标、焦虑自评量表（SAS）及抑郁自评量表（SDS）得分。结果：活血舒心方能降低血清高酶C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、低密度脂蛋白等实验室指标;总有效率治疗组93.3%,对照组76.7%,治疗组优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗后SAS及SDS得分显著下降,治疗组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：西医治疗基础上联用活血舒心方是临床治疗变异性心绞痛的有效方案。