Contrast behavior and relaxation effects of conventional and hyperecho-turbo spin echo sequences at 1.5 and 3 T.

To overcome specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations of spin-echo-based MR imaging techniques, especially at (ultra) high fields, rapid acquisition relaxation enhancement/TSE (turbo spin echo)/fast spin echo sequences in combination with constant or variable low flip angles such as hyperechoes and TRAPS (hyperTSE) have been introduced. Due to the multiple spin echo and stimulated echo pathways involved in the signal formation, the contrast behavior of such sequences depends on both T2 and T1 relaxation times. In this work, constant and various variable flip angle sequences were analyzed in a volunteer study. It is demonstrated that a single effective echo time parameter TE(eff) can be calculated that accurately describes the overall T2 weighted image contrast. TE(eff) can be determined by means of the extended phase graph concept and is practically independent of field strength. Using the described formalism, the contrast of any TSE sequence can be predicted. HyperTSE sequences are demonstrated to show a robust and well-defined T2 contrast allowing clinical routine MRI to be performed with SAR reductions of typically at least 70%.     

洛沙坦对肥胖Zucker大鼠肾组织环氧化酶2表达的影响

目的 探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)1型受体拮抗剂(ARB)洛沙坦对代谢综合征(MS)肾组织环氧化酶2(COX-2)表达的影响及其机制。 方法 把7周大的MS模型肥胖Zucker大鼠随机分成洛沙坦处理组和未处理组，以瘦Zucker大鼠为对照组，连续给药4个月后观察肾组织内COX-2的表达。另外，用AngⅡ刺激6 h的系膜细胞和用从微型渗透泵灌注AngⅡ 5 d的C57BL/6小鼠肾脏提取的肾皮质，观察COX-2的表达。采用RT-PCR和Western印迹法分别检测COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达。 结果 洛沙坦可阻止肥胖Zucker大鼠肾组织内COX-2表达增加。AngⅡ直接刺激可以诱导系膜细胞和肾组织内COX-2表达增加。 结论 AngⅡ可以调控MS肾组织内COX-2表达增加。ARB可以通过抑制COX-2的表达保护MS肾脏，这对应用非COX-2抑制剂来保护MS肾脏具有重要的意义。     

Salivary IgA, lysozyme and β-microglobulin in periodontal disease

Abstract — The concentrations of IgA, lysozyme and β-microglobulin (β₂-m) were quantitated in wax-stimulated mixed saliva from 28 patients with severe periodontitis and from 28 healthy controls. The mutual correlations between IgA, lysozyme and β₂-rn were determined. In patients with periodontitis decreased lysozyme concentrations were detected when compared with controls (P<0.05). The correlation between IgA and β₂-m concentrations was highly significant in both groups studied (P<0.0001, and P <0.002), whereas β₂-m and lysozyme concentrations were positively correlated in patients but not in controls. In addition, a significant correlation between IgA and lysozyme was found only in periodontal patients ( P <0.001).     

胰岛素强化治疗在2型糖尿病骨折患者围手术期的应用

Objective To investigate the best way to control the blood sugar level during the perioperation of bone fracture patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM).Methods Bone fracture patients with T2DM were randomly divided into three groups:continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion group(insulin aspart,group CSII,n=20),glargine treatment group(insulin aspart+insulin glargine,group GA,n=20),and NPH treatment(insulin aspart+rh-insulin,group NA,n=20).The levels of fasting plasma glucose(FPG)and the 2 hours postprandial glucose(2h PG),blood glucose fluctuation(BGF),insulin dosage(ID),good effective time(GET),incidence of hypoglycemia,dawn phenomenon and infection,average time of stitches removal(ATSR),average hospitalized length(AHL)of three groups were compared.Results FPG and 2hPG,ID in group CSII[(6.32±1.18)mmol/L,(7.72±1.53)mmol/L,(35.40±1.60)IU]and group GA [(6.25±0.88)mmol/L,(7.32±1.17)mmol/L,(36.20±0.80)IU]were significantly lower than those of group NA [(7.44±1.36)mmol/L,(8.52±0.76)mmol/L,(40.50±2.40)IU,all P<0.05],simulaneously,BGF,GET incidence of complications,ATSR,AHL of group CSII and GA were significantly lower than those of group NA(all P<0.05).There were not significant difference between group CSII and group GA.Compared with group CSII,group GA had less costs in-hospital and better practicability.Conclusion Both CSII and insulin glargine combined with insulin aspart can effectively,safely,rapidly and stablely control hyperglycemia.and might be the first choice to control blood sugar for bone fracture patients with T2DM in perioperation.     

子宫腺肌症病变中雌激素、孕激素、癌基因、凋亡抑制基因的表达研究

目的 研究雌激素（ER）、孕激素（PR）及癌基因（cerbB-2）、凋亡抑制基因（Bcl-2）在子宫腺肌症病变中的表达和子宫腺肌症发病的相关性。方法 用免疫组化方法检测40例子宫腺肌症病变组织中ER及其他生物学指标的表达。结果 ER、PR与CerbB．2、Bcl-2在子宫腺肌症病变中均有不同程度的阳性表达，子宫肌层异位内膜ER阳性表达率97．5％，PR阳性率97．5％，cerbB-2阳性率82．5％，Bcl-2阳性率62．5％。在位内膜和异位内膜ER、PR均呈阳性，阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。异位内膜cerbB-2的强阳性率高于在位内膜，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ER、PR与cerbB-2、Bcl-2阳性率相比具有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论 ER、PR与cerbB．2、Bcl-2在异位内膜高表达，提示这些生物学指标在子宫腺肌症发生发展中发挥作用。     

Th1/Th2炎症极化与肺气肿和肺纤维化

肺气肿具有Ⅰ型T辅助细胞（Th1）炎症极化的特征，表现为损伤过度和修复不足，肺实质的破坏增加，肺间质变薄。与之相反，肺纤维则具有Ⅱ型T辅助细胞（Th2）炎症极化，表现为损伤后修复过度，肺间质增厚，胶原沉积。通过调控Th1和Th2的炎症趋势来控制肺组织的损伤和修复的结局可能会为肺气肿和肺纤维化的防治提供新思路。     

Performance and comparison of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate in a Chinese Type 2 diabetic population.

AIMS: Our aim was to assess performances of the Cockcroft-Gault and simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in Chinese diabetic populations and their association with vascular risks. METHODS: A total of 1009 patients with Type 2 diabetes were categorized into low estimated GFR groups (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and control groups by the two equations. The performances of these formulae were assessed at different stages of kidney function. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy or albuminuria were compared among the groups. The ability of these formulae to identify established vascular risk markers using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were also compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of low estimated GFR was 32.7% with the Cockcroft-Gault formula and 5.2% with the MDRD formula, respectively. In low estimated GFR subjects by the MDRD formula, IMT was significantly thicker than those by the Cockcroft-Gault formula (1.2 mm vs. 1.0 mm; P < 0.05), with a higher prevalence of albuminuria (78.4 vs. 52.8%, P < 0.05) and diabetic retinopathy (46.5 vs. 30.5%; P < 0.05). The Cockcroft-Gault formula gave a specificity of 71.7% and a sensitivity of 37.0%, and the MDRD formula gave a specificity of 96.6% and a sensitivity of 7.9% in estimating low GFR relevant for established vascular risks. CONCLUSIONS: These formulae performed differently in Chinese diabetic populations. The simplified MDRD formula is minimally superior to the Cockcroft-Gault formula for its high specificity and positive predictive values in estimating low GFR relevant for vascular risks.     

Neurochemical studies on the mesolimbic circuitry of antinociception

Previous studies using the technique of microinjection into brain nuclei indicated that the periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus accumbens, habenula and amygdala play an essential role in pain modulation and that these nuclei possibly act through a ‘mesolimbic neural loop‘ to exert an analgesic effect, in which Met-enkephalin (MEK) and β-endorphin (β-EP) have been implicated as the two major opioid peptides involved in antinociception. In the present study performed in rabbits, intracranial microinjection was supplemented with push-pull perfusion and radioimmunoassay to determine whether the release of enkephalins (ENK) and β-EP was increased in these nuclei when the putative neural circuit was activated by morphine administered into one of the nuclei. The results showed: (1) microinjection of morphine into the PAG increased the release of ENK and β-EP in the N. accumbens, and vice versa; (2) microinjection of morphine into the N. accumbens increased the release of ENK and β-EP in the amygdala, and vice versa; (3) morphine microinjected into the PAG caused an increase in the release of ENK and β-EP in the amygdala and vice versa, although the release of ENK in PAG was statistically not significant. These results indicate that PAG, N. accumbens and amygdala are connected in a network served by a positive feedback circuitry.     

Inhibitory effect of phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on macrophage function

Recent work demonstrated that crotoxin, the main toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, inhibits macrophage spreading and phagocytic activities. The crotoxin molecule is composed of two subunits, an acidic non-toxic and non-enzymatic polypeptide named crotapotin and a weakly toxic basic phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). In the present work, the active subunit responsible for the inhibitory effect of crotoxin on macrophage function was investigated. Peritoneal macrophages harvested from naive rats were used. Crotapotin (2.12, 3.75, or 8.37 nM/ml), added for 2 h to the medium of peritoneal cell incubation, did not modify the spreading and phagocytic activities of these cells. On the other hand, the PLA₂ (1.43, 2.86, or 6.43 nM/ml) subunit caused a significant reduction (30, 33, and 35%, respectively) of the spreading activity. The PLA₂ also inhibited the phagocytosis of opsonised zymosan, opsonised sheep erythrocytes, and Candida albicans, indicating that this inhibitory effect is not dependent on the type of receptor involved in the phagocytosis process. The inhibitory effect of PLA₂ was not due to loss of cell membrane integrity, since macrophage viability was higher than 95%. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of crotoxin on macrophage spreading and phagocytic activities is caused by the phospholipase A₂ subunit.     

护理干预对2型糖尿病患者康复作用的研究

目的 探讨护理干预在2型糖尿病患康复中的作用。方法 对80例2型糖尿病患，随机分成干预组和对照组，干预组实施全程护理干预，对照组实施常规的治疗护理。结果 干预组血糖控制良好，并发症发生率明显降低。结论 护理干预是2型糖尿病康复治疗的有效方法。