他汀类与抗血小板药联合用药对缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的干预作用

目的:探讨缺血性脑血管病患者联合应用他汀类及抗血小板药对颈动脉粥样硬化和脑血管事件的干预作用。方法:选择146例缺血性脑血管病合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者,将其随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组74例,应用氟伐他汀(每晚40mg)和拜阿斯匹灵(100mg/d),对照组72例,仅给拜阿斯匹灵(100mg/d)。共随访2年,分别在治疗前,治疗后6月、12月、18月、24月检测血脂,颈动脉内-中膜厚度,颈动脉斑块积分。结果:治疗组平均颈动脉内-中膜厚度和颈动脉斑块积分,治疗前分别为(1.22±0.19)mm和4.4±2.5,治疗后分别为(0.87±0.15)mm和2.8±1.1,治疗前后比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。随访结束时,治疗组缺血性脑血管病复发率9.5%,与对照组复发率(26.3%)相比明显下降。结论:联合应用他汀类及抗血小板药能延缓和逆转缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的进展,对缺血性脑血管病的复发有很好的预防作用,且不增加脑出血发生率。     

阿卡波糖对糖耐量减低者早期干预的影响

目的比较不同糖耐量水平者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)和血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平;观察糖耐量减低(IGT)者应用阿卡波糖早期干预后的变化。方法256例受试者,行口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)并以1997年ADA定义分三组:糖耐量正常(NGT)组、糖调节受损(IGR)组和2型糖尿病(T2DM)组。测定颈动脉IMT及血清CRP浓度。将IGR组中的IGT及空腹血糖受损(IFG)+IGT患者随机分为治疗组(应用阿卡波糖)和对照组。结果(1)三组颈动脉IMT和血清CRP水平逐渐升高(P<0.05),Spearman等级相关分析显示颈动脉IMT及血清CRP浓度和糖耐量水平呈负相关(P<0.01)。(2)治疗16周后,治疗组与对照组相比颈动脉IMT及血清CRP浓度差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论IGR程度越重,动脉粥样硬化(AS)病变也越重;对IGT患者使用阿卡波糖早期干预可能有益于减缓AS的发生和发展。     

Comparison of the ECST, CC, and NASCET grading methods and ultrasound for assessing carotid stenosis

We compared three angiographic methods for grading of carotid stenosis and examined the correlation between angiographic and ultrasound findings. Two observers independently measured 111 carotid stenoses on arteriographic films of 84 patients. The stenoses were graded according to the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), and Common Carotid (CC) methods. The results obtained by these methods were compared, and the interobserver reproducibility of the measurements was calculated. In addition, all angiographic results were compared to ultrasound findings obtained before angiography. Measurements using the CC method were the most reproducible and those using the NASCET method the least. The NASCET method underestimated the degree of stenosis compared to the other methods. The ECST and CC methods yielded almost identical results (97% agreement). Ultrasound provided an accuracy of 94% compared to ECST and CC methods and 84% compared to the NASCET method. Interobserver reproducibility of angiographic quantification of carotid stenoses was best for the CC and ECST methods and least for the NASCET method. Ultrasound demonstrated better accuracy than the ECST and CC methods. Received: 7 April 1999/Received in revised form: 5 October 1999/Accepted: 11 April 2000     

Cognitive disorders in patients with occlusive disease of the carotid artery: a systematic review of the literature

We present a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence, nature, severity, course, and causes of cognitive deficits in patients with occlusive disease of the carotid artery prior to surgery (if surgery was under discussion). Searches were carried out on Medline and Psychlit from 1980 to 1999 using neurovascular and psychological index terms, and papers and books were checked for further references. Studies describing neuropsychological assessment of groups of patients with carotid obstruction were included. Eighteen studies were found. We extracted from the papers data on study design, demographic characteristics of patients, clinical diagnosis, carotid obstruction, cerebral imaging, time interval between ischemic episode and neuropsychological assessment, neuropsychological asessment procedures, integration and interpretation of test performances, and conclusions of authors. Fourteen studies concluded that there are cognitive deficits both in patients with symptomatic and in those with asymptomatic carotid obstruction; four studies denied cognitive impairment. There were no differences in patient characteristics, study design, or neuropsychological assessment procedures between the 14 studies that found deficits and the 4 that did not. There are indications for a mild, diffuse, detrimental effect of carotid occlusive disease on cognitive functioning. However, methodological problems prevent a definitive conclusion. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to ascertain the neurovascular risk factors for and the natural course of cognitive impairment in patients with carotid occlusive disease. Received: 12 July 1999/Received in revised form: 10 November 1999/Accepted: 26 January 2000     

老年高血压病患者大动脉扩张性的临床研究

目的 探讨老年高血压病患者大动脉扩张性的改变及其相关因素。方法 应用脉搏波传导速度(PWV)自动测量系统测定颈动脉-股动脉PWV作为反映大动脉扩张性的参数。对118例老年高血压病患者进行了PWV检测,其中男87例,女31例,年龄64-83岁,平均(67.12±10.26)岁。结果 118例老年高血压病患者的研究结果显示PWV随年龄的增大而增加(P<0 001)。多元逐步回归分析结果表明年龄、收缩压与反映大动脉扩张性的PWV关系密切(P<0.001)。结论 老年高血压病导致大动脉扩张性降低,年龄、收缩压与患者大动脉扩张性密切相关。     

CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉临床分期及下肢动脉狭窄程度的应用价值

目的 探讨CT血管造影（CTA）诊断糖尿病下肢动脉临床分期及下肢动脉狭窄程度的应用价值。方法 选取2015年1月~2017年8月经我院临床诊断为糖尿病下肢动脉疾病的患者89例,所有患者均进行CTA与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查。整理89例患者DSA与CTA重建图像,由两名经验丰富的放射科诊断医师共同评估观察DSA与CTA重建图像,以DSA检查结果为金标准,对CTA对下肢动脉狭窄程度诊断的灵敏度、特异性及准确度进行计算,并分析CTA对诊断糖尿病下肢动脉临床分析的应用价值。结果 CTA与DSA检查结果一致性较好,以DSA检查结果为金标准,CTA诊断膝上动脉血管狭窄≥50%的灵敏度为97.23%、特异性为97.15%、准确度为97.13%、阳性预测值为94.02%及阴性预测值为97.89%,Kappa=0.945;CTA诊断膝下血管狭窄≥50%诊断的灵敏度为96.12%、特异性为92.05%、准确度为94.13%、阳性预测值为92.22%及阴性预测值为96.34%,Kappa=0875;CTA诊断足动脉血管狭窄的灵敏度为69.21%、特异性为90.95%、准确度为89.03%、阳性预测值为72.34%及阴性预测值为88.86%,Kappa=0.657。结论 CTA诊断糖尿病下肢动脉疾病,能对下肢动脉及其病变区进行直观、全面、清晰的准确显示,有利于影像医生对狭窄程度进行准确分级,可为临床对糖尿病下肢动脉疾病术前评价和筛选提供重要诊断依据。     

COX基因多态性与缺血性卒中的相关性研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨环氧合酶(COX)代谢通路基因多态性及其与缺血性卒中发病率的关系。方法 将2013年2月~2015年11月在德阳市人民医院和温州医科大学第三附属医院神经内科住院经头颅CT和MRI检查确诊的299例急性缺血性卒中患者,根据彩超结果分为颈动脉易损斑块组（VP）94例、稳定斑块组（SP）74例和无斑块组（NP）131例;同时再分为颈动脉内膜增厚组（IT）108例和非内膜增厚组（NT）191例。使用聚合酶链反应和质谱分析测定基因多态性,包括前列腺素合酶1(PTGS1 rs1236913)、前列腺素H合酶2(PTGS2 rs689466)、血栓素A2合酶(TBXAS1 rs2267679、rs41708、rs194149)、前列腺素E合酶(PTGES2 rs6478818)、环前列腺素合成酶(PTGIS rs5602、rs5629)。结果 在易损斑块组和无斑块组之间TBXAS1 rs194149 GG基因型(P=00281),PTGIS rs5602 CT基因型(P=00319)存在显著差异。内膜增厚组和非内膜增厚组之间PTGS2 rs689466 GG基因型(P=00216)显示显著差异。多元回归分析显示,PTGIS的AA基因型(P=00308,OR:0275,95%CI:0079～0955)和PTGS2的AG+ GG基因型(P=00065,OR:2162,95%CI:1232～3795)是内膜增厚的破坏性因素。结论 COX的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与脑梗死的发病率存在相关性,PTGIS和PTGS2基因多态性与内膜增厚脑卒中患者相关。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块稳定性的影响因素

【摘要】 目的 分析急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块情况,并探讨影响其斑块稳定性的相关危险因素。方法 选取2012年5月~2017年5月我院收治的128例急性脑梗死患者作为研究对象,采用回顾性分析法分析所有患者的临床资料,根据资料可知所有患者均行颈动脉彩超及相关临床指标的检测以及一般临床资料的记录,分析检查和检测结果记录所有患者颈动脉硬化斑块形成以及其稳定情况和相关临床指标水平,并比较颈动脉硬化斑块不同稳定状况急性脑梗死患者上述资料的差异性,研究其与斑块稳定的相关性。结果 经颈动脉彩超检查结果可知,128例急性脑梗死患者均形成颈动脉硬化斑块,其中斑块稳定70例（5469%）,斑块不稳定58例（4531%）。两组患者在TC、TG、FPG和UA水平的比较上均无差异（P＞005）,但斑块不稳定的急性脑梗死患者Hcy、CyC、CRP、FIB、LDL以及IL 6和ICAM １水平均显著高于斑块稳定的急性脑梗死患者（P＜005）。非条件单因素Lgistic回归模型分析显示,急性脑梗死颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定患者中Hcy、CyC、CRP、FIB、LDL以及IL 6和ICAM １水平升高比例均显著高于斑块稳定患者（P＜005）。经非条件多因素Logistic回归模型分析得Hcy、CyC、CRP以及FIB水平升高均为导致急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定的独立危险因素（P＜005）。结论 绝大部分急性脑梗死患者均存在颈动脉硬化斑块,且这些患者中有将近一半其斑块处于不稳定状态,而患者机体Hcy、CyC、CRP以及FIB表达水平过高均为导致急性脑梗死患者颈动脉硬化斑块不稳定的独立危险因素。     

应用深度增强型成像技术研究早期年龄相关性黄斑变性患者黄斑区脉络膜厚度的变化

目的应用深度增强型相干光断层扫描(EDI-OCT)技术研究早期年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)患者黄斑区脉络膜厚度的变化及其与AMD发病的关系。 方法收集2015年3月至2017年3月于中国康复研究中心北京博爱医院眼科就诊的早期AMD患者90例(90只眼)和眼底正常者60例(60只眼)的临床资料。早期AMD患者为患者组,眼底正常者为正常组。患者组中男性51例(51只眼),女性39例(39只眼);年龄63~85岁,平均年龄(74.3±10.9)岁。正常组中男性24例(24只眼),女性36例(36只眼);年龄58~78岁,平均年龄(68.6±10.8)岁。采用EDI-OCT测量两组受试者黄斑中心凹处及由中心凹向鼻侧、颞侧各500 μm、1000 μm处的脉络膜厚度,共测量5个点位。数据以均数±标准差( ±s)表示。两组间脉络膜厚度的比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用Tukey检验。 结果患者组黄斑区脉络膜的平均厚度为(254.84±51.46)μm;正常组黄斑区脉络膜的平均厚度为(271.46±43.36)μm。患者组黄斑区脉络膜的厚度较正常组低,且两组间差异有统计学意义(t＝-2.061,P<0.05)。所有受试者的年龄与脉络膜的厚度呈负相关,且差异有统计学意义(r＝-0.23,P<0.05)。 结论早期AMD患者的脉络膜厚度较眼底正常者偏薄,且早期AMD患者脉络膜厚度的改变可作为黄斑变性发展的预警因素,能为早期的临床干预提供参考。     

Ophthalmic masquerades of the atherosclerotic carotids

Patients with carotid atherosclerosis can present with ophthalmic symptoms. These symptoms and signs can be due to retinal emboli, hypoperfusion of the retina and choroid, opening up of collateral channels, or chronic hypoperfusion of the globe (ocular ischemic syndrome). These pathological mechanisms can produce many interesting signs and a careful history can bring out important past symptoms pointing toward the carotid as the source of the patient''s presenting symptom. Such patients are at high risk for an ischemic stroke, especially in the subsequent few days following their first acute symptom. It is important for clinicians to be familiar with these ophthalmic symptoms and signs caused by carotid atherosclerosis for making an early diagnosis and to take appropriate measures to prevent a stroke. This review elaborates the clinical features, importance, and implications of various ophthalmic symptoms and signs resulting from atherosclerotic carotid artery disease.