会阴评估量表在预防脊髓损伤患者失禁性皮炎应用中的效果观察

目的 对比观察脊髓损伤后大小便失禁患者应用会阴评估量表(Perineal assessment tool,PA T)预防失禁性皮炎(incontinence-associated dermatitis,IAD)的效果.方法 选取于2015年5月至2016年11月入住四川大学华西医院骨科的128例脊髓损伤后大小便失禁患者,随机分为对照组和试验组各64例.对照组:根据医嘱护理级别,实行分级护理;试验组:在实行等级护理的同时,还根据PA T评分,采取对会阴部的针对性护理措施.结果 观察组的IAD发生率为9.38%,明显低于试验组的26.56%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 PA T可有效降低脊髓损伤后大小便失禁患者IAD的发生率,值得推广.     

Long‐term oxygen treatment need is less frequent in eosinophilic COPD patients

IntroductionEosinophilic airway inflammation is a recognized inflammatory pattern in subgroups of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there are still conflicting results between various studies concerning the effect of eosinophils in COPD patients. Our aim with this study was to evaluate eosinophilic inflammation and its relation to the clinical characteristics in a group of COPD patients.MethodsStable COPD patients with FEV₁% predicted < 50 or with ≥ 1 exacerbation leading to hospital admission or ≥2 moderate or severe exacerbation history were consecutively enrolled from outpatient clinics.ResultsWe included 90 male COPD patients, with a mean age of 63.3 ± 9.2. Mean FEV₁% predicted was 35.9 ± 11.3. Eosinophilic inflammation (eosinophil percentage ≥2%) was evident in 54 (60%) of the patients. Participants with eosinophilic inflammation were significantly older and had better FEV₁ predicted % values. Eosinophilic COPD patients were characterized with better quality of life and fewer symptoms. COPD patients with noneosinophilic inflammation used supplemental long‐term oxygen therapy (LTOT) more frequently compared to patients with eosinophilic inflammation (36.1% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.01). Eosinophilic inflammation is associated with less dyspnea severity measured by mMRC (OR: 0.542 95% CI: 0.342–0.859, p = 0.009) and less LTOT use (OR: 0.334 95% CI: 0.115–0.968, p = 0.04) regardless of age, severity of airflow limitation, and having frequent exacerbation phenotype.ConclusionOur study supports the growing evidence for a potential role of eosinophilic inflammation phenotype in COPD with distinctive clinical characteristics. Eosinophilic inflammation is inversely associated with dyspnea severity measured by mMRC and LTOT use independently from age, total number of exacerbations, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score and FEV₁% predicted.     

基层医院间歇使用无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床观察

目的探讨在基层医院间歇使用无创呼吸机在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的作用。方法将48例COPD急性加重期患者随机分为观察组(无创呼吸机组)与对照组(常规治疗组)各24例,观察两组治疗前、1d后、3d后的呼吸频率、心率、血氧饱和度,7d后呼吸困难评分及平均住院天数情况。结果经间歇使用无创通气患者1d后、3d后呼吸频率、心率下降明显,血氧饱和度上升明显,7d后呼吸困难改善明显,平均住院天数缩短明显,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无创性呼吸适用于基层医院COPD急性加重期患者,经济且使用方便,患者易于接受,值得临床推广使用。     

让垂体瘤的治疗更趋完善

垂体瘤患者术后进行垂体功能的评估可以及时地对垂体功能减退者进行合适的替代治疗.但我们当前的临床现实是能够接受恰当的术后评估的患者还不到50％.只有加强内分泌科与神经外科医师的技术互补协作以及三级医院医师和基层医院医师的密切联系,提供以患者为中心的治疗才能弥补当前垂体瘤治疗存在的缺陷.     

Does Low-Dose Seretide Reverse Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Are the Benefits Sustained Over Time? An Open-Label Swedish Crossover Cohort Study Between 1999 and 2005

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) still poses a formidable challenge to patients and clinicians alike. A fixed-dose dry powder combination inhaler, Seretide/Advair, containing salmeterol and fluticasone, is licensed in the European Community for the treatment of moderate to severe COPD in the strength of 50/500 μg twice daily (BID). Several studies have investigated the effects of this combination and show improved forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁), quality of life, and a decrease of exacerbations. Most of the studies have run for less than 1 year. The aim of this investigator-initiated, independent study was to elucidate if the combination containing 50 μg of salmeterol and 250 μg of fluticasone BID could be shown to have the same beneficial effect as the higher dosage, and if the effect could be sustained over time.     

Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD

BackgroundThere are few data on the bronchodilatory effects of adding short-acting bronchodilators (SABA) to maintenance, long-acting bronchodilator therapy. This study assessed the additional bronchodilation and safety of adding supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol (SALB) or ipratropium bromide (IPR) to the novel bi-functional molecule (or dual pharmacophore) GSK961081 400 μg (MABA 400) or 1200 μg (MABA 1200).MethodsThis randomised, double-blind, complete, crossover study in 44 patients with moderate to severe COPD, evaluated 6 treatments with a washout of at least 7 days between treatments: single doses of MABA 400 or MABA 1200 followed by cumulative doses of either SALB (3× 200 μg at 20 min intervals), IPR (20 μg, 20 μg and 40 μg at 20 min intervals) or placebo (PLA) (three doses at 20 min intervals) at 1 h, 12 h and 24 h post-MABA dose. The primary endpoint was maximal increase in FEV₁, from pre-dose bronchodilator (SABA/PLA), measured 15 min after each cumulative dose of SALB, IPR or PLA. Systemic pharmacodynamics (potassium, heart rate, glucose and QTc), adverse events and systemic pharmacokinetics were also assessed.ResultsThe additional bronchodilatory effects at 12 h and 24 h for both SALB and IPR were of a similar magnitude and statistically significant relative to PLA; mean differences (SE) (L) following MABA 400 dosing: 0.139 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.123 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.124 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.141 (0.021) after IPR at 24 h; and after MABA 1200 dosing: 0.091 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.126 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.055 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.122 (0.022) after IPR at 24 h. Any additional bronchodilator effects at 1 h were small and not clinically significantly different from PLA. There were small, non-clinically significant increases in mean heart rate after both MABA doses plus SALB, and decreased potassium levels in four patients after MABA 1200 plus SALB (×3) or PLA (×1) were observed but overall all treatments were well tolerated and raised no significant safety signals.ConclusionThe additional bronchodilation achieved following supratherapeutic doses of SALB and IPR on top of single doses of MABA 400 or 1200 was comparable for the two agents and neither were associated with any clinically relevant systemic pharmacodynamic effects other than the small transient hypokalemic effect in a 3 out of 41 patients receiving additional high dose salbutamol and MABA 1200. Either short-acting bronchodilator could potentially be used as rescue medication on top of MABA therapy.     

The Sensational Hand: Clinical Assessment after Nerve Repair

Following the transection and repair of major nerve trunks in the forearm, the functional outcome is influenced by mechanisms in the peripheral, as well as in the central nervous system. In the present thesis the interest is focused on assessment of the outcome after nerve repair, central nervous factors influencing the outcome, and sense substitution to compensate for sensory loss. A new model instrument for routine documentation of the outcome after repair of a peripheral nerve is identified. The model includes assessments reflecting sensory, motor and pain/discomfort domains. Investigations of frequently used assessment instruments led to the construction and evaluation of a new test instrument for assessment of discriminative sensibility (tactile gnosis) to fit in the model. The summarised outcome, calculated from the model instrument and with a numerical scoring system, conforms well with the patient's opinion on the influence on activities of daily living resulting from the nerve injury, and demonstrates good reliability and validity. A reference interval for the outcome is presented, with the estimated 95% predicted values for the outcome up to five years after the nerve repair. Brain plasticity is a factor sensibility - tactile gnosis - in the adaptive process after a nerve injury, when the mind has to interpret new signal patterns, when objects are touched. For better understanding of the sensory outcome after nerve repair, central nervous factors were examined. Specific cognitive capacities, such as verbal learning and visuo-spatial logic capacity could be identified as being of importance for recovery of tactile gnosis. For patients with temporary or permanent sensory loss, a new principle for artificial sensibility based on sense substitution is presented. The hearing sense substitutes the sense of touch. The resemblance in perceptual experience between sound and touch is bridged by the stereophonic friction sound generated by touching objects, which is then amplified and transmitted to earphones. The delicate capacity of the sense of hearing to discriminate between the complex pattern of frequencies makes it reasonable to assume that hearing is able to take over functions normally devoted to touch. This is demonstrated in the thesis.     

Gel Agglutination Test: Its Application to Infertile Men

In a study involving 253 men attending the Male Fertility Clinic in Nottingham, the Gelatin Agglutination Test on serum gave a positive response in 14.2% of patients and a positive response at a dilution of 1/32 in 11.5% of patients. No correlation was found between a positive GAT response and increasing age or the major pathological entities causing infertility in the male. Of the positive GAT responses, 17% reverted to negative on second testing. The value and the diagnostic importance of this test as well as its reliability is questioned.     

Etiology and Treatment of Pernicious Anemia

Pernicious anemia is defined in accordance with the most recent views concerning its cause and clinical characteristics. The relationship of folic acid and vitamin B¹² to the etiology and treatment of the condition is discussed. Cases are presented which illustrate the principal diagnostic criteria of the disease and the proper treatment of pernicious anemia and other macrocytic anemias.     

A pilot study to test the effectiveness of an innovative interprofessional education assessment strategy

Abstract

The goals of this quasi-experimental pilot study were to test an assessment tool designed to evaluate students' teamwork skills, and to assess the effectiveness of an interprofessional education (IPE) course. Participants were health professional students (physical therapy, pharmacy, dental and osteopathic medicine), 24 of whom were second-year students who had previously taken part in an IPE course (experimental group), and 22 of whom were third years that had not (control group). Students interacted with a standardized patient and her son during an asynchronous Team Objective Structured Clinical Exam (TOSCE), after which they were scored on their teamwork skills using newly designed teamwork rating scales. Cronbach Alpha calculations suggest that the rating scales are reliable when rater scores are aggregated (0.81). Pearson coefficient calculations determined that teamwork scores of live raters and video raters were significantly correlated (p?<?0.0001) suggesting good consistency across these raters, and the experimental group performed significantly better (p?=?0.0003) than the control group suggesting that the IPE curriculum is successfully equipping students with teamwork skills. The results of this study contribute to the much needed IPE assessment literature, and suggest that teamwork skills can be taught and effectively assessed using this new rating scale.