Beverage consumption and adult weight management: A review

Total energy consumption among United States adults has increased in recent decades, and energy-containing beverages are a significant contributor to this increase. Because beverages are less satiating than solid foods, consumption of energy-containing beverages may increase energy intake and lead to weight gain; trends in food and beverage consumption coinciding with increases in overweight and obesity support this possibility. The purpose of this review is to present what is known about the effect of beverage consumption on short-term (i.e., meal) energy intake, as well as longer-term effects on body weight. Specific beverages addressed include water, other energy-free beverages (diet soft drinks, coffee and tea), and energy-containing beverages (soft drinks, juices and juice drinks, milk and soy beverages, alcohol). Existing evidence, albeit limited, suggests that encouraging water consumption, and substituting water and other energy-free beverages (diet soft drinks, coffee and tea) for energy-containing beverages may facilitate weight management. Energy-containing beverages acutely increase energy intake, however long-term effects on body weight are uncertain. While there may be health benefits for some beverage categories, additional energy provided by beverages should be compensated for by reduced consumption of other foods in the diet.     

Beverage intake in low-income parent-child dyads

Beverage consumption adds to daily energy intake and often exceeds the recommended amount for discretionary energy. Previous research has shown that children are consuming sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in greater frequency and the relationship between parent–child dyads in beverage consumption is meaningful due to the parental influence on the development of beverage consumption behaviors. In particular, low-income families are at greater risk for obesity and higher levels of SSB consumption. The current investigation assessed habitual beverage intake among low-income parent–child dyads (N = 95) with children between the ages of 9–17 years. The sample (46% African American; 45% Caucasian) had a mean body mass index (BMI) for the parents of 31.8 ± 8.9 kg/m², while the mean BMI percentile for age and gender for the children was 70.3 ± 31.3. Both parents and children consumed fewer nutrient-dense beverages and more energy-dense beverages than the recommended amount. The mean daily energy intake from beverages was 451 ± 236 kcal for the parents and 457 ± 237 kcal for the children. Correlations between parent–child dyad intake was also evident, identifying parents as potential role models and gatekeepers of the home food environment. Future interventions to prevent childhood obesity in low-income populations should address beverage intake, particularly SSB consumption, and determine the degree to which this behavior is learned behavior in the home.     

畅声饮治疗慢性喉炎49例

为观察畅声饮对慢性喉炎的临床疗效,将患者随机分成两组,治疗组(A组)49例,口服畅声饮(由党参、黄芪、熟地黄、苍术等组成)配合雾化吸入庆大霉素加地塞米松,对照组(B组)40例单用雾化吸入治疗。10月为1个疗程,连用3个疗程。结果:A组总有效率为85.7％,B组总有效率为62.5％,两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。     

我国4城市儿童少年饮料的消费现况

目的 了解我国城市儿童少年饲料消费现状及其影响因素,发现存在的问题为有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法 用三阶段分层整群随机抽样方法在上海、广州、济南和哈尔滨4城市抽取10216名3－14岁儿童少年,用问卷调查的方法收集儿童少年有关饮料消费的资料。结果 儿童少年在家里主要饮用的饮料有碳酸饮料（71.5％）、牛奶（67.9％）和白开水（61.3％）,饮料主要由母亲来准备;在学校主要饮用白开水（78.1％）、牛奶（26.7％）和豆奶（23.4％）,饮料主要由儿童少年自己准备。儿嫠年馀用某些饲料的主要原因是味道好、有营养和包装好。一天内饮用过白开水、牛奶、碳酸饲料和果汁的比例分别为86.9％、58.0％、37.0%和16.2％,影响儿童少年碳酸饲料消费的主要因素为家庭经济收入和父母化程度。结论 碳酸饲料等软饲料已成为儿童少年饮料消费的主流,为引导他们合理地消费饮料,高年龄的儿童少年和母亲是营养教育的重点对象。     

饮料中乙酰磺胺酸钾的高效液相色谱测定法

目的建立高效液相色谱测定饮料中乙酰磺胺酸钾的方法。方法用流动相CH2OH／0．02mol／LNH4AC替代国标法CH3OH／CH3CN／0．02mol／L（NH4）2SO4／10％H2SO4，样品处理后经高效液相反相分离后，采用色谱保留时间定性，峰高或峰面积定量进行测定，同时对方法进行回收率、精密度、线性关系验证试验以及2种方法的比对试验。结果在选定的色谱条件下，用CH，OH／0．02mol／LNH4AC作流动相，标准曲线的线性关系良好，其相关系数值为0．9999；精密度试验结果，相对标准偏差为0．15％～0．64％（n=6）；样品加标回收率为98．1％～99．8％；方法的最低检出浓度为0．43μg／ml；用2种不同流动相进行方法比对试验，结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．01）。结论该方法操作简单、避免了使用有较大毒性的CH3CN，而且方法精密度、准确度均能满足实验要求，结果可靠。     

Food effects on gastrointestinal physiology and drug absorption

Food ingestion affects the oral absorption of many drugs in humans. In this review article, we summarize the physiological factors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that affect the in vivo performance of orally administered solid dosage forms in fasted and fed states in humans. In particular, we discuss the effects of food ingestion on fluid characteristics (pH, bile concentration, and volume) in the stomach and small intestine, GI transit of water and dosage forms, and microbiota. Additionally, case examples of food effects on GI physiology and subsequent changes in oral drug absorption are provided. Furthermore, the effects of food, especially fruit juices (e.g., grapefruit, orange, apple) and green tea, on transporter-mediated permeation and enzyme-catalyzed metabolism of drugs in intestinal epithelial cells are also summarized comprehensively.     

糖尿病青光眼患者术后的中药治疗

目的观察糖尿病青光眼手术后的中药疗法。方法将62例糖尿病青光眼手术患者分成两组,中药组38例(42眼)术后予口服“明珠饮”并随症加减及口服消炎痛;西药组24例(27眼)术后激素治疗,均以14天为1个疗程。结果中药组总有效率为88.1%,西药组为85.2%,P>0.05。结论中药解除了糖尿病患者手术后用激素治疗所致的血糖控制不稳定的后患。     

饮料中棒曲霉素和5-羟甲基糠醛的液相色谱-质谱测定方法

目的：建立一种测定饮料中棒曲霉素和5-羟甲基糠醛的LC-MS方法。方法：样品经固相萃取柱净化,液相色谱柱分离,选择离子监测（SIM）质谱定量测定。结果：棒曲霉素和5-羟甲基糠醛分别在0.01-0.5 mg/L和1-50.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9973和0.9997,方法的检测低限分别为0.01 mg/L和1 mg/L。两种物质的平均回收率为89.0%-94.0%,重复7次实验RSD值小于12.9%。结论：该方法具有较高的灵敏度、准确性和精密度,可满足饮料中棒曲霉素和5-羟甲基糠醛分析的要求。     

加味丹参饮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤家兔心功能的影响

目的 探讨加味丹参饮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤家兔心功能的影响。方法 32只健康家兔，随机分为假手术组(Sham)、缺血再灌注组(I／R)、加味丹参饮预处理组(DP)和缺血预处理组(IP)，每组8只，分别预处理24h后行心肌缺血60min，再灌注120min，观察家兔左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张期末压(LVDP)、左室压力最大上升速率( dp/dt max)、最大下降速率(-dp/dt max)。结果 DP和IP对缺血再灌注所致的LVSP和LVDP下降有显著的抑制作用，其中DP对LVDP作用尤为明显。两者对 dp/dt max和-dp/dt max变化无明显的影响。结论 加味丹参饮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤家兔心功能改变具有调节作用。