Changes in sensory perception of sports drinks when consumed pre, during and post exercise

The aim of this study was to examine sensory perceptions towards different formulations of sports drinks when consumed before, at various points during, and following exercise. Following familiarisation 14 recreational runners underwent four trials in a single blind counterbalanced design. Each trial utilised one of four different solutions: 7.5% carbohydrate, 421 mg L^− 1 electrolyte (HiC-HiE); 7.5% carbohydrate, 140 mg L^− 1 electrolyte (HiC-LoE); 1.3% carbohydrate, 421 mg L^− 1 electrolyte (LoC-HiE) and water. Subjects were provided with 50-ml samples to ingest and then rate (using a 100-mm line scale) the intensity of sweetness, saltiness, thirst-quenching ability and overall liking before (− 30 min), during (0, 30 and 60 min) and following (90 and 120 min) treadmill running exercise. Ratings of sweetness for all energy-containing drinks were higher during exercise relative to pre- and post-exercise conditions (P < 0.05); ratings also increased with duration of exercise (P < 0.001). Sweetness ratings for LoC-HiE increased during exercise (P < 0.05) but remained the same for other beverages. Ratings of saltiness decreased for all energy-containing drinks during exercise relative to pre-exercise (P < 0.05); ratings decreased with duration of exercise in these drinks (P < 0.05). Ratings of thirst-quenching ability (P = 0.039) and overall liking (P = 0.013) increased with duration of exercise with all beverages. Significant changes in sensory perception occur when consuming sports drinks during exercise relative to non-exercise conditions. Temporal changes also occur during exercise itself which leads to enhanced liking of all beverages.     

Role of appetite-regulating peptides in alcohol craving: an analysis in respect to subtypes and different consumption patterns in alcoholism

BACKGROUND: A role of appetite-regulating peptides like leptin and ghrelin in the neurobiology of alcohol craving has been proposed by several studies. Aim of this analysis was to search for differences regarding an association between these peptides and alcohol craving with respect to different subtypes and beverage consumption patterns in patients with alcohol dependence. METHODS: We analyzed a sample of 188 patients at admission for alcohol detoxification regarding leptin and ghrelin (n=117) serum levels. Craving was measured using the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Patients were classified according to Lesch's typology of alcohol dependence and according to their preferred type of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, spirits). RESULTS: Using general linear models to analyze a possible interaction between subtypes and leptin/ghrelin levels with respect to craving, we found a significant positive association for leptin in patients of Lesch's types 1 and 2, and in patients consuming beer or wine. Ghrelin levels showed a significant trend regarding an association with craving in patients of Lesch's type 1. In the other subgroups we found no significant results. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that appetite-regulating peptides may be of special importance regarding alcohol craving in subtypes of patients. This may explicate at least in part previous contradictory findings.     

天麻钩藤饮对肝阳上亢型高血压病患者血压及血清SOD的影响

目的探讨天麻钩藤饮对高血压病 (肝阳上亢型 )患者疗效和血清超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的影响 ,为临床高血压病患者的治疗提供有力的理论依据。方法将 60例患者随机分为天麻钩藤组 (治疗组 ,3 0例 )和对照组 ( 3 0例 ) ,4周后 ,观察两组治疗前后血压的改变及血清SOD的改变 ,并与 1 0例正常人血清SOD作比较。结果两组患者治疗后血压均明显降低 ,两组比较无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,天麻钩藤 (治疗 )组和对照组的SOD活性在治疗前分别为 ( 85 .6± 1 1 .2 )U mL和 ( 86.3± 1 2 .5 )U mL ,在治疗后分别为 ( 1 0 5 .1±1 2 .8)U mL和 ( 95 .1± 1 3 .2 )U mL ,治疗后两组比较有明显差异 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论天麻钩藤饮能显著降低高血压病患者血压 ,并能通过提高SOD活性保护机体 ,提高机体的抗氧化能力     

饮料中甜蜜素的气相色谱测定法

目的 探讨气相色谱法测定饮料中的甜蜜素。方法 利用甜蜜素在硫酸介质中与亚硝酸反应后生成环己醇亚硝酸酯，用正己烷提取后，利用气相色谱法进行测定。结果 在浓度0-10．0mg／ml范围内有良好线性(r=0．9995)，RSD值为1．4％-4．4％，加标回收率：93％-96％。结论 该法简便、快速、准确，能用于饮料中甜蜜素的测定。     

危害性分析与关键控制点在饮料厂良好生产工艺中的应用研究

应用“危害性分析与关键控制点”分析方法对两个饮料厂进行试验，结果表明，碳酸型饮料生产的关键控制点是生产用水处理、熔糖条件的控制和包装材料的清洗消毒。     

消赘饮辅助治疗感染性心内膜炎35例

目的:观察消赘饮辅助治疗感染性心内膜炎的临床疗效。方法:选取于本院感染性心内膜炎患者67例,随机分为对照组32例和治疗组35例。对照组患者给予西医常规抗生素足量、长效治疗,治疗组患者在对照组治疗的基础上给予消赘饮治疗,日1剂,早晚分服,两组均以15 d为1个疗程。治疗4个疗程后观察两组患者的B超心脏瓣膜损害情况、赘生物大小变化等。结果:对照组治愈率为46.9%,治疗组治愈率为71.4%,治疗组的治愈率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:消赘饮辅助治疗可使心脏瓣膜损害有明显好转,赘生物有所缩小或消失,疗效显著。     

南京市城区儿童少年夏季饮品摄入现状

目的通过了解南京市儿童少年各类饮品饮用频率、饮用量及其相关影响因素,为开展营养宣教和干预工作提供依据。方法用问卷调查的方法,收集南京市288名儿童少年的基本情况和各类饮品饮用情况。结果调查对象经常喝的白开水、瓶装水平均饮用量分别为603、630 ml,碳酸饮料、果蔬汁饮料、牛奶及酸奶平均饮用量分别为483、396、310和152ml。随着年龄增长,儿童少年白开水、牛奶、瓶装水、碳酸饮料饮用频率的差异均有统计学意义;而碳酸饮料饮用情况呈现性别差异,家庭收入水平对饮品摄入没有影响。结论应该对孩子及其家长开展广泛的营养教育和行为干预,引导儿童少年每天足量饮水,合理选择饮料,促进儿童少年养成良好的饮品摄入习惯。     

内蒙古乌海市成人超重肥胖和甜饮料摄入对血尿酸的影响

目的 探索内蒙古乌海市成人超重肥胖和甜饮料（sugar-sweetened beverage,SSB）摄入与血尿酸（serum uric acid,SUA）的关系。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样,对内蒙古乌海市5 995名居民展开横断面调查。采用多因素Logistic回归进行分析。结果 男女超重、肥胖组SUA水平及高尿酸血症（hyperuricemia,HUA）检出率均高于正常组（均有P<0.05）;男性SUA水平随SSB摄入量的增加依次增加（F=3.426,P=0.033,P_trend=0.010）,SSB摄入频率较高者的SUA水平也较高（t=-2.204,P=0.028）;女性SSB摄入量及摄入频率较高者,SUA水平反而较低（均有P<0.05）。多因素Logistic 回归分析结果显示,男女超重、肥胖者HUA患病风险增加。超重肥胖与SSB摄入量对HUA检出率存在交互作用（均有P_interaction<0.05）。结论 超重或肥胖是HUA的独立危险因素,摄入SSB会增加男性SUA水平。超重或肥胖同时增加SSB摄入会提高HUA患病风险。     

The Relationship of Outlet Densities to Alcohol Consumption: A Time Series Cross-Sectional Analysis

The implementation of regulations on access to alcoholic beverages, whether through beverage taxes or restrictions on the availability of this commodity through alcohol outlets, has often been proposed as a legitimate and politically feasible approach to the prevention of alcohol-related problems. Empirical studies of the effects of these approaches to regulation on alcohol consumption and problems, however, have not been unanimous in their support of these preventive measures. While support exists for the suggestion that increases in alcohol beverage prices reduce consumption and have preventive effects upon the occurrence of problems, relatively little evidence exists for the supposition that the regulation of alcohol availability will have similar preventive effects. The lack of evidence in support of the latter thesis rests primarily upon the difficulty of obtaining sufficient data to examine comprehensive models of access to alcohol.
The current paper analyzes aggregate time series cross-sectional data from states of the U.S. to evaluate the relationships between alcohol beverage prices, availability, and alcohol sales within one analytic model. The model relates beverage prices and alcohol availability directly to alcohol sales in the context of an assumed simultaneous relationship between sales and availability. The results show that, independent of the effects of beverage prices, and controlling for the endogeneity of sales and availability, physical availability of alcohol was directly related to sales of spirits and wine.     

Is beer the drink of choice for women with alcohol use problems? -Positive alcohol outcome expectancies as a function of beverage type

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate whether women with alcohol problems report differences in their strength of endorsement of specific positive outcome expectancies as a function of alcoholic beverage type. Fifty-four participants completed the Beverage Expectancy Questionnaire (BEQ) that assessed five specific positive outcome expectancies across three different beverage types (i.e., wine, beer, hard liquor). Participants endorsed the strongest expectancies of Social/Sexual Enhancement, Global Positive Affect and Relaxation in the beer-specific context as compared to the wine-specific context. Levels of consumption were significantly higher overall for hard liquor than for wine in the sample as a whole. Quantity of wine drinking was predicted by wine-specific Arousal and Personality Transformation expectancies; quantity of beer drinking was predicted by beer-specific Arousal expectancies; quantity of hard liquor consumption was predicted by hard liquor-specific Personality Transformation, Relaxation, and Arousal expectancies. Clinical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.