ADAM10、ADAM17的作用和miRNA的调节在腹主动脉瘤发病机制中的研究进展

腹主动脉瘤(AAA)是一种病死率极高的急症,因发病机制复杂,至今病因尚未明确。近年来研究发现,去整合素和金属蛋白酶(ADAM)家族参与促进炎性因子的释放、细胞外基质降解等特性可能与AAA发病有关;mi RNA在血管平滑肌细胞中特异性表达并通过信号通路调节其增殖和凋亡、靶向调控炎性细胞分化和炎性因子的释放、调节细胞外基质蛋白表达等可能也参与调节AAA发病。笔者就ADAM10和ADAM17在AAA发病机制中作用和mi RNA对AAA发病调节做一综述。     

主动脉夹层的治疗进展

主动脉夹层发病急骤、病死率高、预后差。近年来随着腔内技术治疗主动脉疾病的发展,极大地改善了主动脉夹层的治疗效果,连同治疗理念亦发生了重大的变革。分类上,出现了一些新的分型系统来指导夹层的诊疗;治疗上,Stanford A型夹层仍以开放手术为主;复杂性Stanford B型夹层,腔内修复术已成为首选手术方式,同时越来越多的证据表明,对于非复杂性Stanford B型夹层,早期行腔内修复术远期效果更佳。     

Relationship between abdominal aortic calcification and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship between abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods One hundred and seventy MHD patients in the dialysis center of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from June 2014 and October 2014 were enrolled prospectively. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) was measured using AAC score (AACS) by abdominal lateral plain radiography. According to the AACS, the patients were divided into mild AAC (AACS＜5) group and severe AAC (AACS≥5) group for comparison, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare their survival rates. Multivariable COX regression models were used to determine the risk factors of all - cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in MHD patients. Results Severe AAC (AACS≥5) was present in 28.2% (48/170) patients. The median follow-up duration was 25.6 (22.0, 26.0) months. During the follow-up, 6 patients (4.9%) in AACS＜5 group and 14 patients (29.2%) in AACS≥5 group died. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in AACS≥5 group had higher all-cause mortality rate and cardiovascular disease mortality rate as compared with patients in AACS＜5 group (χ2=9.746,P=0.002; χ2=9.697,P=0.002). Multivariate COX regression analysis demonstrated that high AACS (HR=4.373, 95%CI 1.562-7.246, P=0.005) and hypoproteinemia (HR=0.886, 95% CI 0.797 - 0.985, P=0.025) were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality, while hypoproteinemia (HR=0.829, 95%CI 0.718-0.956, P=0.010) and low 1,25(OH)D3 (HR=0.769, 95% CI 0.627 - 0.944, P=0.012) were independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease mortality. Conclusions AAC is significantly associated with overall survival in MHD patients. To further evaluate the relationship between AAC and outcomes in MHD patients, multi-center and long term follow up studies of large sample size are necessary.     

Fluorescence, birefringence and confocal microscopy of the abdominal aorta from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice

In this study, nonenzymatic glycosylation was assessed in aorta extracellular matrix (ECM) from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). Molecular and structural changes were investigated in elastic lamellae and collagen fibers of diabetic mice aortas after staining with dansyl chloride and anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (ANS). Alterations in arterial autofluorescence and birefringence of collagen fibers were investigated in unstained aortas. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) was also investigated by Feulgen reaction staining assessed by confocal microscopy and image analysis. Assessment of nonenzymatic glycosylation demonstrated glycosylation products in the aorta ECM of NOD mice. Elastic lamellae and collagen fibers from NOD mouse aortas presented less intense fluorescence after staining with dansyl chloride and ANS when compared to aortas of control nondiabetic mice. However, unstained NOD aortas showed more intense autofluorescence when compared to controls. Birefringence analysis suggests alterations in the higher molecular packing of the arterial collagen fibers in NOD aortas. In aortas stained by Feulgen reaction, no evidence of SMC proliferation was observed in diabetic aortas.     

Ultrafine particulate matter exposure impairs vasorelaxant response in superoxide dismutase 2-deficient murine aortic rings

Studies have linked exposure to ultrafine particulate matter (PM) and adverse cardiovascular events. PM-induced oxidative stress is believed to be a key mechanism underlying observed adverse vascular effects. Advanced age is one factor known to decrease antioxidant defenses and confer susceptibility to the detrimental vascular effects seen following PM exposure. The present study was designed to investigate the vasomotor responses following ultrafine PM exposure in wild type (WT) and superoxide dismutase 2-deficient (SOD2^+/–) mice that possess decreased antioxidant defense. Thoracic aortic rings isolated from young and aged WT and SOD2^+/– mice were exposed to ultrafine PM in a tissue bath system. Aortic rings were then constricted with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine, followed by relaxation with rising amounts of nitroglycerin (NTG). Data demonstrated that ultrafine PM decreased the relaxation response in both young WT and young SOD2^+/– mouse aortas, and relaxation was significantly reduced in young SOD2^+/– compared to WT mice. Ultrafine PM significantly diminished the NTG-induced relaxation response in aged compared to young mouse aortas. After ultrafine PM exposure, the relaxation response did not differ markedly between aged WT and aged SOD2^+/– mice. Data demonstrated that the greater vascular effect in aortic rings in aged mice ex vivo after ultrafine PM exposure may be attributed to ultrafine PM-induced oxidative stress and loss of antioxidant defenses in aged vascular tissue. Consistent with this conclusion is the attenuation of NTG-induced relaxation response in young SOD2^+/– mice.

Abbreviations: H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; NTG: nitroglycerin; PAH: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PE: l-phenylephrine; PM: particulate matter; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2 deficient; WT: wild type     

开放手术治疗近肾腹主动脉闭塞的临床分析

背景与目的 近肾腹主动脉闭塞属于主髂动脉闭塞的极端情况,治疗相对棘手。尽管腔内治疗适用于此类患者,开放手术治疗仍有其适应证所在。本研究分析近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗的效果,并总结经验及其治疗策略。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院血管外科2018年7月—2022年5月期间行开放手术治疗的10例近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者的一般资料、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、腹主动脉阻断方式、肾上腹主动脉阻断时间、手术并发症、症状缓解程度及随访结果。结果 10例患者手术均顺利完成。手术时间210~420 min,中位手术时间为265 min;术中出血200~1 200 mL,中位出血量375 mL。3例行膈下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术,其中1例同时行右膝上截肢术;1例行膈下腹主动脉-双髂总动脉人工血管搭桥术,同时重建肠系膜下动脉;5例行肾下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术;1例行腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术并左颈动脉内膜剥脱术。膈下腹主动脉阻断4例,肾上肾下序贯腹主动脉阻断1例,肾下腹主动脉阻断4例。肾上腹主动脉阻断时间14~20 min,中位阻断时间20 min。围手术期无心脑血管意外、死亡、肾功能障碍及人工血管感染发生。10例患者术后双下肢间歇性跛行或静息痛症状均消失,双侧足背或胫后动脉搏动均可扪及。10例患者获随访4~40个月,中位随访时间27个月,随访期间桥血管均通畅、吻合口无狭窄、无下肢及肠道缺血表现。结论 近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗效果确切,桥血管远期通畅率高,需根据患者不同情况采取个体化的治疗方式。     

Talos远端打孔型胸主动脉覆膜支架治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层首例报告（附视频）

背景与目的 主动脉腔内修复术（TEVAR）已成为B型主动脉夹层的一线治疗方式,如何能够最大程度覆盖主动脉夹层破口,促进主动脉重塑,而又不增加截瘫风险成为临床关注的难点。本文主要介绍新型Talos远端打孔型胸主动脉覆膜支架（以下简称“Talos支架”）在中南大学湘雅医院成功完成上市后国内首例支架置入术情况并进行相关分析。方法 报道Talos支架上市后国内首例置入病例的临床资料,并分析Talos支架的优缺点及进行相关文献回顾。结果 72岁男性Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者,因主动脉夹层累及范围广泛,需使用支架长度较长,经本人及家属同意后采用新上市的Talos支架行TEVAR。术中支架轻松到达病变部位,同时定位精准。患者完成支架置入后主动脉破口隔绝完全,假腔完全血栓化,而远端打孔段肋间动脉完整保留,同时无主动脉相关不良事件的发生。结论 Talos支架性能优良,长段的支架主体能够最大程度完成主动脉夹层的破口修复,促进主动脉重塑;同时远端的打孔设计能够在修复夹层破口的同时,保留肋间动脉,预防脊髓缺血所致截瘫。     

The effects of Vigna unguiculata on cardiac oxidative stress and aorta estrogen receptor-β expression of ovariectomized rats

ObjectiveTo investigate whether Vigna unguiculata (V. Unguiculata, VU) able to reduced oxidative stress in cardiac and modulate the aorta estrogen receptor-β of ovariectomized rats.MethodsThirty female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n=6); control (sham) group; ovariectomy group (OVX); OVX + VU₁ (0.5 mg/kg); OVX + VU₂ (2.5 mg/kg); and OVX + VU₃ (5 mg/kg). The administration VU was started 28 days after surgery following 30 days later. Cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured colorimetrically. Estrogen receptor-β in the aorta was analyzed immunohistochemically.ResultsLevel of MDA was significantly higher in the OVX group compared to the control group (P< 0.05), but the level of SOD was significantly lower. The level of MDA was significantly lower in OVX + VU compared with OVX group (P<0.05), to reach the level at a control group in OVX + VU₂. Administration of VU significantly increases the level of SOD compared with OVX group (P<0.05), to reach the level at a control group in third dose of VU (P>0.05). The level of estrogen receptor-β was significantly decreased in the OVX group compared to the control group (P<0.05). OVX + VU₃ could significantly increase the level of estrogen receptor-β compared to OVX group (P<0.05), to reach a level in the control group (P>0.05).ConclusionsV. unguiculata is an alternative therapy in decreasing cardiac oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. Besides, high dose of V. unguiculata also able to increase aorta estrogen receptor-β expression in ovariectomized rats.     

When the Blood Pressure Misleads You: A Diagnostic Conundrum in an Unusual Case of Coarctation

A 4-month-old previously healthy baby was found to be in congestive heart failure with LV dysfunction and a right aortic arch with severe coarctation, undetectable by blood pressure measurements. A cardiac CT and central blood pressure led to the diagnosis of a unique anatomic variant of aortic coarctation. Once diagnosed the patient underwent surgery with an uncomplicated recovery.