Postfunctionalization of Azido or Alkyne Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Surfaces: Superhydrophobic and Parahydrophobic Surfaces

Postfunctionalization is a key tool for the elaboration of hydrophobic surfaces. For that purpose, the elaboration of surfaces suitable for the Huisgen reaction allows for functionalization with various hydrophobic side chains. Here the synthesis of azido or alkyne monomers is reported to prepare platform surfaces suitable for click chemistry. The surface hydrophobicity and morphology are investigated. Superhydrophobic and parahydrophobic properties are obtained depending on the starting monomer and the molecule used for the postfunctionalization.

     

Functionalized Polymers from α‐Hydroxyalkylated N‐Vinylcaprolactam

Hydroxyalkylation of N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) in α‐position via ring‐opening reaction of propylene oxide and ε‐caprolactone, respectively, yields in precursors for multifunctional NVCL derivatives. Homo‐ and copolymers of hydroxyfunctionalized NVCL derivatives, synthesized by free radical mechanism, are further investigated regarding their thermoresponsive behavior. Esterification of hydroxypropylated NVCL derivative with methacrylic anhydride is carried out yielding a versatile bifunctional cross‐linker. Networks are obtained either via free radical polymerization of the cross‐linker or anionic polymerization of only the methacrylic function and subsequent polymer analogous cross‐linking of the vinylic side groups. The rheological behavior during and after curing is investigated by oscillatory rheology. Furthermore, N‐vinylcaprolactam anion is used as an initiator for the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone. Copolymerization of poly(ε‐caprolactone) macromonomer with NVCL yields graft copolymers. A polymerizable thermotropic liquid crystalline (LC) derivative is prepared by coupling cholesteryl chloroformate to NVCL. The thermal behavior of LC derivative is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy.

     

Green Synthesis of a Bio‐Based Epoxy Curing Agent from Isosorbide in Aqueous Condition and Shape Memory Properties Investigation of the Cured Resin

The bio‐based diamine and epoxy monomer derived from isosorbide are synthesized. Especially, the diamine is obtained using microwave assistant thiol‐ene coupling reaction in the aqueous media and the influence of reaction parameters, such as initiator content and reaction time, are investigated. After curing the synthesized epoxy monomer together with the diamine, properties of the cured resins are studied by differential sscanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analyzer. Results demonstrate that the cured resin has good shape fixity, good shape recovery, and satisfied thermal stability despite the presence of heteroatoms. This bio‐based epoxy resin shows great potential to be used as a candidate for shape memory material. Considering the bio‐based feedstock and environmental friendly synthetic process, a “green + green” strategy to prepare thermosetting resins with advanced properties is provided in this paper.

     

A New Strategy to Microporous Polypyrrole Networks Based on Condensation of Pyrrole and Diketone

A new synthesis route to novel porous organic polymers is reported based on condensation of pyrrole and diketone in the presence of an acid. The structure of obtained polymer is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The resulting polypyrrole network with high Brunauer–Emmet–Teller specific surface area over 650 m² g^?1, possesses gas uptake capacities, that is, hydrogen (0.70 wt% at 77 K), carbon dioxide (8.5 wt% at 273 K), and methane (0.95 wt% at 273 K) at 1.0 bar. The facile preparation strategy on the basis of condensation of pyrrole and diketone will provide an avenue to prepare porous organic polymers.

     

A paradigm for single nucleotide polymorphism analysis: the case of the acetylcholinesterase gene

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a crucial physiological role in termination of impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses through rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. It is a highly conserved molecule, and only a few naturally occurring genetic polymorphisms have been reported in the human gene. The goal of the present study was to make a systematic effort to identify natural single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human ACHE gene. To this end, the genomic coding sequences for acetylcholinesterase of 96 unrelated control individuals from three distinct ethnic groups were analyzed. A total of 13 ACHE SNPs were identified, 10 of which are newly described, and five that should produce amino acid substitutions [c.101G>A (p.Arg34Gln), c.169G>A (p.Gly57Arg), c.1031A>G (p.Glu344Gly), c.1057C>A (p.His353Asn), and c.1775C>G (p.Pro592Arg)]. Population frequencies of 11 of the 13 SNPs were established in four different populations: African Americans, Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardic Jews, and Israeli Arabs; 15 haplotypes and five ethnospecific alleles were identified. The low number of SNPs identified until now in the ACHE gene is ascribed to technical hurdles arising from the high GC content and the presence of numerous repeat sequences, and does not reflect its intrinsic heterozygosity. Among the SNPs resulting in an amino acid substitution, three are within the mature protein, mapping on its external surface: they are thus unlikely to affect its catalytic properties, yet could have antigenic consequences or affect putative protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, the newly identified SNPs open the door to a study of the possible association of AChE with deleterious phenotypes-such as adverse drug responses to AChE inhibitors employed in treatment of Alzheimer patients and hypersensitivity to pesticides.     

ABO血型基因分型及应用

目的 :研究ABO血型基因分型的意义。方法 :采用聚合酶链反应 序列特异性引物 (PCR SSP)基因定型方法对ABO血型基因定型并观察其基因多态性分布特征和疑难血型检定。结果 :对已知ABO基因的DNA标本进行基因定型 ,证实文中的ABO基因定型方法可靠 ;对 10 4例健康、无血源关系的汉族个体ABO血型基因定型 ,结果与血清学所定表型完全符合 ;并用ABO基因分型技术解决临床输血前血型鉴定、产前胎儿血型鉴定、亲权试验及血清学亚型的正确性验证。结论 :ABO血型基因分型技术可以正确判定ABO血型疑难样本     

孕早期宫颈分泌物中获取胎儿细胞DNA进行产前诊断的可行性

目的：探索获取胎儿细胞DNA用于产前基因诊断的可行性，及能否用于预期胎儿性别。方法：收集92例孕早期人工流产妇女宫颈分泌物和绒毛组织，提取宫颈分泌物中DNA，扩增Y染色体特异重复序列DNA。短期培养制备绒毛染色体，分析核型确定流产胎儿性别。结果：92例经绒毛染色体核型分析的人工流产胎儿中，正确预期胎儿性别72例，准确率78％。结论：采集孕早期宫颈分泌物，可获得胎儿滋养层细胞DNA用于产前诊断，其准确性和可靠性有待进一步提高。     

Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen mutant G145R DNA in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the family members of an asymptomatic carrier and evidence of its horizontal transmission

An asymptomatic carrier and all six of his family members were detected positive for HBV DNA in their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), by polymerase chain reaction. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA revealed that the HBV DNA from the carrier and his wife was of subtype ayw. Interestingly, the amplified HBV DNA from the five other members of the family was found to be not only of subtype adw but also contained G to A mutation at nucleotide position 587. This indicates the presence of established vaccine escape mutant of the virus (G145R) and suggests two different sources of infection within the family. Southern blot hybridization of EcoR1 digested DNA from PBL indicated presence of HBV DNA, integrated into cellular DNA and also in the form of free viral DNA. The study not only establishes the persistence of surface mutant G145R HBV DNA, within the PBL of HBsAg negative individuals from the non-vaccinated random population, but also suggests possible horizontal transmission of the mutant among the family members although none of the family members has received immunoprophylaxis against HBV or had clinically apparent disease or any other known risk factors of HBV infection. As all of them were seronegative for HBsAg/antiHBc, the presence of G145R mutant in the PBL signaled possibility of spread of the vaccine escape mutant virus by blood transfusion, unsafe injection practices or through sexual root.     

中国不同人群的抗TTV血清流行病学及TTV基因不同区段的分子流行病学研究

目的　了解不同人群血清中抗 TTV抗体及ORF1 、ORF2 区段基因的分布状况 ,并分析其间的关系。方法　根据TTV的ORF1 、ORF2 区段的基因序列分别合成巢式PCR引物 ,扩增 2 46例血清标本中的TTV部分基因片段 ;采用TTVORF2 部分基因原核表达抗原 ,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA) ,检测相同血清标本中TTV抗体。结果　不同人群TTVORF1 、ORF2 基因及抗体检测的阳性率分别为 :有偿献血者 16 0 % (12 75 ) ,10 7% (8 75 )和 2 5 3% (19 75 ) ,甲型肝炎患者 10 0 % (3 30 ) ,16 7% (5 30 )和 16 7% (5 30 ) ;乙型肝炎患者 47 5 % (19 40 ) ,42 5 % (17 40 )和 2 2 5 % (9 40 ) ,丙型肝炎患者 42 9% (15 35 ) ,37 1% (13 35 )和 2 8 6 % (10 35 ) ;丁型肝炎患者 2 0 0 % (3 15 ) ,2 6 7% (4 15 )和13 3% (2 15 ) ;戊型肝炎患者 16 7% (2 12 )、16 7% (2 12 )、33 3% (4 12 ) ;庚型肝炎患者 2 3 8% (5 2 1) ,38 1% (8 2 1)和 2 3 8% (5 2 1) ;非甲～庚型肝炎患者 6 1 1% (11 18) ,5 0 0 % (9 18)和 44 4% (8 18)。统计分析TTVORF1 与ORF2 基因的检出率相关有统计学意义 (P =0 0 0 0 <0 0 1) ;不同人群间基因检出率相差有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ;TTV抗体的检出率与TTVDNA的检出率相关无     

猪戊肝病毒的克隆和部分序列分析

目的：调查戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）对猪的感染情况。方法：用HEV抗体试剂盒检测猪血清中的抗体；用逆转录聚合酶链方法（RT－PCR）检测猪血清中的HEV RNA，对PCR阳性产物进行克隆测序，并对序列进行分析。结果：10份猪血清中有1份为HEV抗体阳性，2份为HEV RNA阳性，其中1份为抗体和RNA均阳性。序列分析显示，从猪中克隆的2株序列（G6和G8）之间在ORF1（102－387bp）和ORF2（6007－6354bp)区域的核苷酸序列的同源性分别为94％和93％，该2株序列在ORF1区在HEVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ型的同源性分别为76％－79％、80％、79％－80％、88％－90％、75％－76％、79％、78％－79％和75％－78％；在ORF2区与Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型的同源性为75％－77％、74％－77％、77％－78％和84％－99％，与ⅣA亚型的同源性为93％－97％。结论：猪感染的HEV的基因序列与人群中散发性戊型肝炎病毒的ⅣA亚型同源性最高。