Species differences in the relative analgesic potencies of some classical opiates and opioid peptides

The analgesic ED₅₀ values of some classical morphine congeners (morphine, methadone, fentanyl, azidomorphine) in the rat and mouse tail-flick tests were found to be similar. However, several synthetic derivatives of the natural enkephalins were more potent in mice than in rats. (These analogs contain d-amino acid in position 2 and d- or l-sulfonic (or phosphonic) acid residue in position 5). -Endorpin, d-Met², Pro⁵-enkephalinamide and two partial agonists showed intermediate interspecies relative potencies. According to the data obtained, similar opiate receptors might mediate the analgesic action of classical opiates in rats and in mice. However, the opiate receptors responsible for the antinociceptive effects of the above mentioned enkephalin analogues must be dissimilar in the two species examined. The results are discussed in terms of the role of - and -receptors in mediation of the analgesic effect induced by different types of opioids.     

2021年ACOG关于产后阶梯式多模式药物镇痛的建议及要点解读

产后疼痛是困扰产妇的常见问题,如治疗不当可能会导致阿片类药物滥用、产后抑郁和疼痛长期存在等不良后果。因此,美国妇产科医师学会（American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG）于2021年9月提出了针对产后疼痛的临床共识,专门对产后疼痛的一般管理、阴道分娩、剖宫产术后、母乳喂养时及出院后疼痛的处置给出了治疗建议与指导,强调了阶梯式多模式药物镇痛方法与个体化用药原则。推荐临床用药可遵循“非阿片类镇痛药（如对乙酰氨基酚和非甾体抗炎药）—弱阿片类药物—强阿片类药物（必要时）”阶梯式给药原则,并可合理联合用药。对此进行简要介绍与要点解读。     

罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后硬膜外自控镇痛的评价

目的　评价罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后镇痛的有效性和不良反应。方法　 6 0例择期下腹部手术患者 ,随机分为两组 ,第Ⅰ组为罗哌卡因复合PCA吗啡治疗组 ,第Ⅱ组为安慰剂复合PCA吗啡组。观察罗哌卡因镇痛效果及对运动神经阻滞的影响 ,对比两组的血液动力学变化、吗啡用量和不良反应。结果　罗哌卡因复合PCA吗啡治疗组的术后疼痛评分及不良反应明显低于安慰剂复合PCA吗啡组 ,且第Ⅰ组的吗啡用量明显低于安慰剂组。结论　 0 2 %罗哌卡因复合PCA吗啡可安全有效地应用于下腹部术后的镇痛。     

人工流产术前宫颈及子宫内膜麻醉的镇痛效果探讨

目的　探讨宫颈与子宫内膜两部位联合麻醉、普鲁卡因与利多卡因两药物配合应用在人工流产术中的镇痛效果。方法　人工流产术前对麻醉组 10 6例行普鲁卡因宫颈浸润麻醉和利多卡因子宫内膜表面麻醉。术中记录受术者腹痛程度、无阻力插入宫颈内口的扩张器号、出血量、人流综合征例数等指标。按照世界卫生组织规定疼痛标准及人工流产综合征反应进行评价 ,同期选择按传统机械扩宫法 10 4例做对照。结果　麻醉组镇痛有效率95 3% ,宫口松驰有效率 95 3% ,人流综合征无 1例发生。两组比较P均 <0 0 0 1。两组出血量比较无差异 ,无利多卡因毒性反应发生。结论　人工流产术前普鲁卡因宫颈浸润麻醉和利多卡因子宫内膜表面麻醉镇痛效果显著 ,可大大降低人流综合征的发生 ,避免利多卡因的毒性反应     

Analgesic efficacy of sufentanil in dressings after surgical treatment of burn wounds

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the analgesic efficacy of sufentanil in dressings after surgical treatment of burn wounds.Patients and methodsTwenty adult patients, who underwent surgical treatment of third–degree burn wounds under general anesthesia, were included. Two of the patients underwent surgery twice. During surgery, patients received 50–100 μg fentanyl every 20–30 min and, after surgery, patients received 100 mg ketoprofen twice daily. Additionally, ten patients (group 1) received 50 μg sufentanil added to the burn wound dressings soaked in octenidine and phenoxyethanol while 10 patients (group 2) received 25 μg sufentanil added to the same dressings. The rescue analgesic, which was administered when pain intensified, was 5 mg subcutaneous morphine. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were assayed at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after surgery completion and when pain was reported, along with pain intensity evaluation.ResultsSufentanil was not detected in the serum of any patients. Rescue morphine was given during the postoperative period (24 h) in one patient in group 1 (who underwent surgery twice) and three patients in group 2. The mean sufentanil concentration in dressings was higher in group 1 (0.13 ± 0.03) than group 2 (0.06 ± 0.03 μg/mL; p < 0.001). The group 1 patient who received rescue morphine had a sufentanil concentration of 0.10 μg/mL, which was the lowest concentration in group 1. Group 2 patients who received rescue morphine had sufentanil concentrations of at least two–fold lower (0.03–0.05 μg/mL). No adverse effects were observed.ConclusionsSufentanil in dressings after burn wound surgery provides effective and safe analgesia and the sufentanil concentration in dressings should be ≥0.10 μg/mL in a solution of octenidine and phenoxyethanol.     

收肌管阻滞术联合经皮穴位电刺激用于全膝关节置换术后的临床效果

目的 :探讨收肌管阻滞术(addcutor canal block,ACB)联合经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation,TEAS)在全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后镇痛及对早期功能锻炼的效果。方法:选取2019年1月至2020年8月初次单侧行TKA的患者84例,其中男45例,女39例;年龄66～77(72.8±8.9)岁;身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI) 19～25(23.6±3.5) kg/m~2。按照随机数字表法将患者分为收肌管阻滞术联合经皮穴位电刺激组(TEAS+ACB组)和单纯收肌管阻滞术组(ACB组),每组42例。ACB组术中实施ACB,TEAS+ACB组在ACB基础上于术后第1～7天行双下肢TEAS。记录并比较两组术后6,12,24,48,72 h的疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),术后第1,2,3,7天的膝关节功能,术后第7天膝关节活动度与住院天数。结果:TEAS+ACB组VAS评分在静息、活动状态下术后6,12 h与ACB组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在术后24,48,72 h均低于ACB组(P0.05)。TEAS+ACB组膝关节活动度在术后第1天与ACB组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在术后第2,3,7天均大于ACB组(P0.05)。TEAS+ACB组住院天数小于ACB组,术后第7天膝关节活动度大于ACB组(P0.05)。结论:TEAS联合ACB较单纯的ACB有更好的术后镇痛效果,促进患者早期功能锻炼,对TKA术后镇痛是安全、有效的。     

Regional anaesthesia for orthopaedic procedures

Regional anaesthetic techniques are fundamental in the anaesthetic care of orthopaedic patients. They may be used as the primary anaesthetic technique or to provide postoperative pain relief. Compared to general anaesthesia alone, regional techniques can provide superior perioperative analgesia, fewer systemic drug adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and confusion, and earlier mobilization which can reduce nosocomial complications and facilitate expedited hospital discharge. Disadvantages include block failure, nerve injury, unrecognised injury to the anaesthetised limb, prolonged motor blockade and local anaesthetic toxicity. Preoperative assessment should identify contraindications, document pre-existing neurological deficits, and clarify surgical and perioperative aims. Informed consent should be obtained after a clear explanation of the procedure, its risks, and potential complications. Serious and long-term neurological complications are rare and may be reduced by an awake regional technique, sonographic guidance, regular aspiration and by ensuring low pressure injections. Postoperative follow-up is essential and suspicious neurological findings should be detected, investigated, and managed in an early and timely manner.     

多模式联合镇痛在人工关节置换围手术期的疗效观察

目的探讨多模式联合镇痛应用于人工关节置换术后的效果。方法选取2011年1月~2013年12月行单侧全髋(THA)、全膝关节置换(TKA)病例138例,年龄53~79岁,平均68.4岁。手术及麻醉均由同一组医生完成。根据镇痛方式分为3组:术后自控静脉镇痛泵组(PCIA,对照组);术后自控静脉镇痛泵+塞来昔布口服组(塞来昔布组);术后自控静脉镇痛泵+塞来昔布口服+罗哌卡因局麻组(罗哌卡因组)。比较术后各组6小时(T1)、12小时(T2)、24小时(T3)、48小时(T4)疼痛视觉模拟评分(VSA)、药物不良反应、病人满意程度、自控追加剂量(Bolus)次数、自控静脉镇痛药用量。结果术后各组T1、T2、T3、T4时间节段点的疼痛VSA评分均无统计学意义。与对照组比较,塞来昔布组和罗哌卡因组药物不良反应减少,镇痛满意度显著升高见(值均<0.05),Bolus次数、舒芬太尼用量显著减少(值均<0.05)。与塞来昔布组比较,罗哌卡因组恶心呕吐、尿潴留的发生率显著降低,镇痛满意度显著升高(值均<0.05),不同时间节段点Bolus次数、舒芬太尼用量显著减少(值均<0.05)。结论自控静脉镇痛泵+塞来昔布口服+罗哌卡因局麻组成的多模式联合镇痛方法有助于降低阿片类镇痛药物用量,减少副作用,提高患者满意度,在人工关节置换术后镇痛疗效确切。     

异氟醚分娩镇痛对母体及胎儿母体循环中cGMP水平的影响

目的;探讨镇痛浓度的异氟醚对母体及胎儿－母体循环中环磷酸鸟苷水平的影响。     

妇科术后硬膜外腔注射吗啡镇痛效果观察

对妇科术后硬膜外腔注射吗啡镇痛效果进行观察分析探讨。对３ａ来我院使用术后硬膜外腔注射吗啡镇痛效果进行评定,对血压、脉博等情况观察进行总结分析。结果：硬膜外腔注射吗啡术后镇痛效果优８５．６％,良６．８％。副作用有血压下降达２７．８％、恶心呕吐１５．５％,头晕２３．０％。