帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术围手术期的应用

目的：观察帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术的镇痛效果和安全性,为临床术后镇痛提供参考。方法选择全麻下妇科腹腔镜手术患者158例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组79例。观察组术前24小时给塞来昔布200 mg口服,术前12小时塞来昔布200 mg口服,切皮前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,手术结束前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,术后12小时帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射。对照组手术结束前30分钟给予帕瑞昔布40 mg静脉注射,术后12小时生理盐水2 mL静脉注射。两组术后若VAS评分>4分,则追加曲马多。记录两组患者术后清醒拔管1、4、8、12、24、48与72小时的VAS 评分与追加曲马多药物剂量,统计分析术后不良反应发生情况、术前术后焦虑抑郁评分及术后慢性疼痛发生情况。结果观察组各个时点的VAS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);观察组患者术后并发症较对照组少,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);观察组术前术后焦虑抑郁评分差值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论帕瑞昔布联合塞来昔布在妇科腹腔镜手术术后镇痛有明显效果,减少了术后镇痛药物并发症发生,降低了术后疼痛评分,减少了其他类镇痛药使用量,缓解了术后焦虑抑郁情绪,预防了患者术后慢性疼痛的发生。     

右美托咪定联合布托啡诺用于病毒性脑炎患者镇痛镇静的临床观察

目的 分析病毒性脑炎患者应用联合右美托咪定及布托啡诺治疗的临床效果.方法 将64例病毒性脑炎患者随机分为对照组及观察组,每组32例.以接受右美托咪定镇痛治疗者为对照组,以联合接受右美托咪定及布托啡诺镇痛治疗者为观察组,对比两组接受治疗后的镇痛镇静效果及药物副作用发生率.结果 观察组接受治疗后止痛起效时间、镇静起效时间、止痛持续时间及镇静持续时间分别为(10.12±2.77) min、(17.71 ±3.51)min、(766.61 ±86.12) min及(653.55±98.32) min明显短于对照组的(13.61 ±3.61)min、(21.67 ±3.26) min、(731.21 ±78.24) min及(610.27 ±86.38) min(P＜0.05);同时治疗前两组生活质量各项评分比较未见统计学差异(P＞0.05),经治疗后观察组生活质量各项评分改善较对照组更为明显(P＜0.05).此外两组药物副作用发生率比较未见统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 联合右美托咪定及布托啡诺治疗可显著提高病毒性脑炎患者的镇痛镇静效果.     

Incidence and Risk Factors of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Fentanyl-Based Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia and Single Antiemetic Prophylaxis

Purpose

We evaluated the incidence and risk factors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients with fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) and single antiemetic prophylaxis of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5 HT₃)-receptor antagonist after the general anesthesia.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, incidence and risk factors for PONV were evaluated with fentanyl IV-PCA during postoperative 48 hours after various surgeries.

Results

Four hundred-forty patients (23%) of 1878 had showed PONV. PCA was discontinued temporarily in 268 patients (14%), mostly due to PONV (88% of 268 patients). In multivariate analysis, female, non-smoker, history of motion sickness or PONV, long duration of anesthesia (>180 min), use of desflurane and intraoperative remifentanil infusion were independent risk factors for PONV. If one, two, three, four, five, or six of these risk factors were present, the incidences of PONV were 18%, 19%, 22%, 31%, 42%, or 50%. Laparoscopic surgery and higher dose of fentanyl were not risk factors for PONV.

Conclusion

Despite antiemetic prophylaxis with 5 HT₃-receptor antagonist, 23% of patients with fentanyl-based IV-PCA after general anesthesia showed PONV. Long duration of anesthesia and use of desflurane were identified as risk factors, in addition to risk factors of Apfel''s score (female, non-smoker, history of motion sickness or PONV). Also, intraoperative remifentanil infusion was risk factor independent of postoperative opioid use. As the incidence of PONV was up to 50% according to the number of risk factors, risk-adapted, multimodal or combination therapy should be applied.     

Pain assessment and management in the NICU: analysis of an educational intervention for health professionals

Objectiveto study the perception of a Neonatal Intensive Care team on pain assessment and management before and after an educational intervention created and implemented in the unit.Methodsintervention study developed as action research, in three phases. In Phase 1, a quantitative study was performed to identify how professionals perceive pain management in the unit. In Phase 2, an educational intervention was carried out, using the Operational Group (OG), which defined strategies to be adopted to seek improvements in pain assessment and management. In Phase 3, the initial questionnaire was reapplied to assess professionals’ perceptions about the subject after the intervention. All professionals directly working in newborn care were included.Resultsthe perception of professionals about pain management and assessment in the unit showed a statistically significant difference between the two phases of research, highlighting the increase in frequency of reference for evaluation and use of some method of pain relief procedures for most analyzed procedures. Participation in training (one of the strategies defined by the operational group) was reported by 86.4% of the professionals. They reported the use of scales for pain assessment, established by the protocol adopted in the service after the intervention, with a frequency of 94.4%. Changes in pain assessment and management were perceived by 79.6% of the participants.Conclusionthe professionals involved in the educational intervention observed changes in pain management in the unit and related them to the strategies defined and implemented by the OG.     

The role of intercostal nerve preservation in acute pain control after thoracotomy

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate whether the acute pain experienced during in-hospital recovery from thoracotomy can be effectively reduced by the use of intraoperative measures (dissection of the neurovascular bundle prior to the positioning of the Finochietto retractor and preservation of the intercostal nerve during closure).

METHODS:

We selected 40 patients who were candidates for elective thoracotomy in the Thoracic Surgery Department of the Federal University of São Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The patients were randomized into two groups: conventional thoracotomy (CT, n = 20) and neurovascular bundle preservation (NBP, n = 20). All of the patients underwent thoracic epidural anesthesia and muscle-sparing thoracotomy. Pain intensity was assessed with a visual analog scale on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, as well as by monitoring patient requests for/consumption of analgesics.

RESULTS:

On postoperative day 5, the self-reported pain intensity was significantly lower in the NBP group than in the CT group (visual analog scale score, 1.50 vs. 3.29; p = 0.04). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding the number of requests for/consumption of analgesics.

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients undergoing thoracotomy, protecting the neurovascular bundle prior to positioning the retractor and preserving the intercostal nerve during closure can minimize pain during in-hospital recovery.     

关节局部注射罗哌卡因结合静脉PCA泵对全膝关节置换术后的镇痛研究

目的研究全膝关节置换术后关节周围注射罗哌卡因结合PCA泵的镇痛效果。方法选取择期行全膝关节置换手术患者90例,随机分为3组,每组30例（n=30）,第一组（A组）术后包括膝关节后关节囊和前侧切口周围组织浸润注射罗哌卡因,结合静脉PCA泵镇痛;第二组（B组）术后仅在前侧切口周围组织浸润注射罗哌卡因,而不注射后关节囊,结合静脉PCA泵镇痛。第三组（C组）术后仅采用静脉PCA泵镇痛。分别在术后2、12、24、48、72小时,以视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评估患者术后的疼痛水平。结果术后2、12、24、48、72小时A、B、C组评分分别为2．0,2．1,4．9;2．7,2．6,5．5;3．5,3．4,4．6;2．4,2．5,3．8;1．4,1．4,2．8。A组和B组评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,A组和B组评分较C组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论全膝关节置换术后应用罗哌卡因和静脉PCA泵能够有效缓解疼痛,后关节囊可不注射,镇痛效果优于单用PCA泵。     

不同方式氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼术后镇痛效果的比较:前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、对照、平行分组研究

目的 比较不同方式氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于术后镇痛的效果.方法 本研究为前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、对照、平行分组研究.选择2010年1月至2010年10月择期行骨科、胸外科、肝胆外科等大中型手术的病人,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄14 ～ 91岁,体重35 ～ 95 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组,A组:术毕即刻静脉注射氟比洛芬酯100 mg,然后芬太尼1.0 mg用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,进行PCIA;B组:氟比洛芬酯200 mg+芬太尼0.6 mg用生理盐水配稀释至100 ml,进行PCIA;C组:术毕即刻静脉注射氟比洛芬酯100 mg,氟比洛芬酯200 mg+芬太尼0.6 mg用生理盐水稀释至100 ml进行PCIA.3组背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量2 ml,锁定时间10 min.分别于术毕、术后4、8和24 h时记录静态和动态VAS评分和镇静评分.术后24 h内记录镇痛有效、过度镇静、恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、头晕、嗜睡和呼吸抑制的发生情况.术后24和48 h时随机选择一个中心B组镇痛泵内容物,取样后进行微生物培养试验.结果 共完成2596例,其中A组875例、B组946例、C组775例.与A组比较,B组术毕、术后4、8和24h时静态和动态VAS评分和各时点镇静评分均降低,C组术毕、术后4、8h时静态和动态VAS评分均降低,术后4、8h时镇静评分升高,2组镇痛有效率均升高,B组过度镇静发生率降低,C组过度镇静发生率升高,2组术后恶心和呕吐的发生率降低,C组术后头晕发生率降低(P＜0.05);与B组比较,C组各时点静态和动态VAS评分、镇痛有效率、恶心、呕吐以及瘙痒发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术毕、术后4、8h时镇静评分升高,过度镇静发生率升高,头晕发生率降低(P＜0.05).术后24、48 h时泵内容物标本细菌和真菌培养均为阴性.结论 对于大中型手术病人,氟比洛芬200 mg复合芬太尼0.6 mg PCIA(背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量2 ml,锁定时间10 min)术后镇痛的效果更佳,且不良反应发生几率低.     

帕瑞昔布钠对乳腺癌根治术后布托啡诺病人自控静脉镇痛时细胞免疫功能的影响

目的 评价帕瑞昔布钠对乳腺癌根治术后布托啡诺病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)时细胞免疫功能的影响.方法 择期行乳腺癌改良根治术女性病人60例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄36～ 60岁,体重48 ～ 82 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=30):对照组(C组)和帕瑞昔布钠组(P组).术毕采用布托啡诺10 μg/kg行PCIA,背景输注速率2 ml/h,PCA量0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min.P组分别于术毕、术后12、24和36 h时静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,C组给予等容量生理盐水.术后维持VAS评分≤4分;VAS评分≥5分时,静脉注射布托啡诺进行镇痛补救.分别于麻醉诱导前5 min、切皮后2h、术后6h、1、3和7d时,采集右颈内静脉血样,采用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)和NK细胞的水平,计算CD4+/CD8+.分别于术后2、6、12、24和48 h时,记录镇痛泵总按压次数、有效按压次数和镇痛补救药物用量.记录不良反应发生情况.结果 与C组比较,P组镇痛泵总按压次数和镇痛补救药物用量减少,镇痛泵有效按压次数增多,术后ld时CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+和NK细胞水平降低(P＜0.05),不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 帕瑞昔布钠可增强术后布托啡诺PCIA的效果,减少其用量,从而改善乳腺癌根治术病人术后细胞免疫功能.     

地佐辛与芬太尼用于非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者镇痛效果的比较

目的:评价地佐辛注射液用于非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植患者术后镇痛的临床效果。方法:选择非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术的成年患者100例,性别不限,体质量指数18～29kg/m2,ASA分级为Ⅱ-Ⅲ级,随机分为芬太尼和地佐辛组,试验组术后镇痛泵配方为:地佐辛0.8 mg/kg+托烷司琼20 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至200 mL;术后均采用皮下给药,给药速度为2 mL/h,4 d结束镇痛。对照组为芬太尼30 ug/kg+托烷司琼20 mg+0.9﹪氯化钠注射液稀释至200 mL。对两组镇痛效果进行评分和恶心呕吐等并发症进行记录。结果:每组患者最终完成49例,两组镇痛效果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),试验组术后恶心、呕吐评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:地佐辛术后镇痛效果优于芬太尼,可以安全的用于非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植患者术后疼痛治疗。