氨磺必利联合丙戊酸钠治疗酒精所致精神障碍的临床效果及预后影响分析

目的 评价氨磺必利联合丙戊酸钠治疗酒精所致精神障碍（mental disorder induced by alcohol，MDIA）的临床疗效与安全性。方法 选择2015 年6 月~2017 年5 月66 例男性MDIA 患者，根据随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组，研究组予氨磺必利联合丙戊酸钠治疗，对照组予氨磺必利治疗，应用阳性与阴性症状量表（Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale，PANSS）、不良反应症状量表（Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale，TESS）评价临床治疗效果和用药安全性。结果 研究组总有效率96.97%，高于对照组的81.82%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；研究组患者治疗后PANSS 评分逐渐降低，两组比较，差异有统计学意义（F=6.937，P<0.05）；研究组不良反应率9.09%，对照组6.06%，两组比较，差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.926，P>0.05）；两组TESS 评分比较，差异无统计学意义（F=0.234，P>0.05）。结论 氨磺必利联合丙戊酸钠可提高治疗MDIA 效果，安全性高。     

The renewal of gingival epithelium in marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus) as determined through autoradiography with thymidine-H3

Abstract

Aim. To investigate selected lifestyle factors in relation to active caries and restored root surface lesions in adults. Materials and methods. Based on clinical examinations and questionnaires, data on root caries, socioeconomic status, body mass index, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, tobacco use and oral hygiene routines were collected from 4369 adults aged 21–89 who took part in a survey covering 13 municipalities across Denmark. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to analyse the relationship between the independent lifestyle variables and active caries and restored root surface lesions, respectively. Results. The prevalence of active root caries was 4%, while 26% displayed restored root surfaces. The sugar intake was not related to root caries. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, in subjects aged 45 or over, smoking and wearing dentures were significantly associated with presence of active root caries (p < 0.01). The intake of 15 drinks or more per week was associated with higher odds of root surface restorations compared with no alcohol intake (OR = 1.7; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Lifestyle factors such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption, as well as wearing dentures, were significantly associated with the occurrence of untreated caries and restored root surface lesions, especially in persons over 45. Thus, such lifestyle factors should be taken into consideration, identifying persons with a need of preventive dental services. In addition, oral health education should focus on the possible risks of smoking and a high alcohol intake.     

Area of residence and alcohol‐related mortality risk: a five‐year follow‐up study

Aims To examine differences in alcohol‐related mortality risk between areas, while adjusting for the characteristics of the individuals living within these areas. Design A 5‐year longitudinal study of individual and area characteristics of those dying and not dying from alcohol‐related deaths. Setting The Northern Ireland Mortality study. Participants A total of 720 627 people aged 25–74, enumerated in the Northern Ireland 2001 Census, not living in communal establishments. Measurements Five hundred and seventy‐eight alcohol‐related deaths. Findings There was an increased risk of alcohol‐related mortality among disadvantaged individuals, and divorced, widowed and separated males. The risk of an alcohol‐related death was significantly higher in deprived areas for both males [hazard ratio (HR) 3.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.65, 5.18] and females (HR 2.67 (95% CI 1.72, 4.15); however, once adjustment was made for the characteristics of the individuals living within areas, the excess risk for more deprived areas disappeared. Both males and females in rural areas had a reduced risk of an alcohol‐related death compared to their counterparts in urban areas; these differences remained after adjustment for the composition of the people within these areas. Conclusions Alcohol‐related mortality is higher in more deprived, compared to more affluent areas; however, this appears to be due to characteristics of individuals within deprived areas, rather than to some independent effect of area deprivation per se. Risk of alcohol‐related mortality is lower in rural than urban areas, but the cause is unknown.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen in alcoholic beverages and drinking water on alcohol elimination in humans

Oxygen plays an important role in the metabolism of alcohol. An increased dissolved oxygen level in alcoholic beverages reportedly accelerates the elimination of alcohol. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of dissolved oxygen in alcohol and the supportive effect of oxygenated water on alcohol pharmacokinetics after the excessive consumption of alcohol, i.e., 540 ml of 19.5% alcohol (v/v). Fifteen healthy males were included in this randomized, 3 × 3 crossover study. Three combinations were tested: X, normal alcoholic beverage and normal water; Y, oxygenated alcoholic beverage and normal water; Z, oxygenated alcoholic beverage and oxygenated water. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were determined by conversion of breath alcohol concentrations. Four pharmacokinetic parameters (C_max, T_max, K_el, and AUCall) were obtained using non-compartmental analysis and the times to reach 0.05% and 0.03% BAC (T_0.05% and T_0.03%) were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's post hoc test. With combination Z, the BAC decreased to 0.05% significantly faster (p < 0.05) than with combination X. Analyzing the pharmacokinetic parameters, the mean K_el was significantly higher for combination Z than for combinations X and Y (p < 0.05), whereas the mean values of C_max, T_max and AUCall did not differ significantly among the combinations. Dissolved oxygen in drinks accelerates the decrease in BAC after consuming a large amount of alcohol. However, the oxygen dissolved in the alcoholic beverage alone did not have a sufficient effect in this case. We postulate that highly oxygenated water augments the effect of oxygen in the alcoholic beverage in alcohol elimination. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the supportive effect of ingesting additional oxygenated water after heavy drinking of normal alcoholic beverages.     

Problematic alcohol use and marital distress: An interdependence theory perspective

This article reviews current literature examining problematic alcohol use and marital distress and introduces a new alcohol and marriage model within the theoretical framework of interdependence theory. Although marriage is generally associated with decreased heavy drinking and alcohol problems, many couples develop and maintain alcohol use disorders during committed relationships and marriage. When one person is affected by an alcohol use disorder, it both affects and is affected by their close relationships, particularly the relationship with their partner or spouse. While the causal connections between problematic drinking and marital distress are complex and only partially understood, available evidence demonstrates that the two problems often exacerbate each other, forming a detrimental cycle. Research using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods reveals covariation between the two as well as support for both causal directions. New models using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) are presented and structured around the concept that these reverse temporal effects may be operating through different mechanisms and with different moderators. Thus, determinants are presented for each directional effect. Finally, avenues for future research are discussed.     

Alcohol as a Risk Factor for Cancer: Existing Evidence in a Global Perspective

The purpose of the present review is to give an overview of the association between alcohol intake and the risk of developing cancer. Two large-scale expert reports; the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute of Cancer Research (AICR) report from 2007, including its continuous update project, and the International Agency for Research of Cancer (IARC) monograph from 2012 have extensively reviewed this association in the last decade. We summarize and compare their findings, as well as relate these to the public health impact, with a particular focus on region-specific drinking patterns and disease tendencies. Our findings show that alcohol intake is strongly linked to the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (in men), and female breast. The two expert reports diverge on the evidence for an association with liver cancer and colorectal cancer in women, which the IARC grades as convincing, but the WCRF/AICR as probable. Despite these discrepancies, there does, however, not seem to be any doubt, that the Population Attributable Fraction of alcohol in relation to cancer is large. As alcohol intake varies largely worldwide, so does, however, also the Population Attributable Fractions, ranging from 10% in Europe to almost 0% in countries where alcohol use is banned. Given the World Health Organization’s prediction, that alcohol intake is increasing, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and steadily high in high-income countries, the need for preventive efforts to curb the number of alcohol-related cancers seems growing, as well as the need for taking a region- and gender-specific approach in both future campaigns as well as future research. The review acknowledges the potential beneficial effects of small doses of alcohol in relation to ischaemic heart disease, but a discussion of this lies without the scope of the present study.