Examining the effects of lipopolysaccharide and cholecystokinin on water ingestion: comparing intake and palatability

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholecystokinin (CCK) have been shown to have anorectic properties in a variety of species. The present study examined the effects of LPS and CCK, both alone and in combination, on two different aspects of water ingestion, water intake and palatability. On test days, animals were first injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with either LPS (200 microg/kg) or NaCl vehicle, and 2 h later received a second injection of either CCK (8 microg/kg) or NaCl vehicle. In Experiment 1, water intake was monitored for 1 h on 3 separate test days 72 h apart; while in Experiment 2, water palatability was assessed using the taste reactivity test (TRT), on two separate test days 72 h apart. Both LPS and CCK significantly (p<0.05) reduced water intake, with the effects of combined LPS with CCK being more pronounced than either agent injected alone. Rats developed a rapid tolerance to the effects of LPS on water intake on subsequent exposures to LPS. Results from the TRT indicated that LPS enhanced water palatability (p<0.05), as evidenced by a high level of ingestive responding, whereas CCK produced a pattern of responding indicative of satiety. LPS plus CCK reduced ingestive responding on the first test day, but these responses were significantly increased on the second test day (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that although LPS reduces water intake, it enhances water palatability. The results further underscore the necessity for examining palatability changes in addition to intake measures when studying the regulation of feeding and drinking.     

Directed sampling for electrolyte analysis and water content of micro-punch samples shows large differences between normal and ischemic rat brain cortex

Changes in sodium, potassium, and water content in brain tissue are important in the progression of pathology that follows ischemic stroke. Determining these parameters regionally in rodent models of experimental ischemia has been limited because typical tissue weights of more than 35 mg are too large. Identifying ischemic tissue to direct tissue sampling towards ischemic cortex is also represents a difficult generally unresolved area. We suggest that larger differences between normal and ischemic cortex of sodium, potassium, and water content than previously observed can be obtained from directed sampling of 2-mg brain tissue in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. In five rats, the middle cerebral artery and both common carotid arteries were occluded for 4.9+/-0.13 h (mean+/-SEM). Punch-sampling of 1-mm diameter tissue cores for water content (H(2)O%) by the wet-dry method, and [Na(+)] and [K(+)] by flame photometry, was guided by the observation of a subtle change in the surface reflectivity of ischemic cortex of quickly dried, 20-microm frozen brain sections, that was confirmed by MAP2 immunohistochemistry. The ratio of the lesion areas as determined by the reflective change and MAP2 immunoreactivity was 0.96+/-0.03 (n=5). In ischemic cortex H(2)O% was 79.9%+/-0.8%, [Na(+)] was 550+/-25 mEq/kg dry-weight, and [K(+)] 94.2+/-19.2 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5), all significantly different from the values in border zone cortex, and in cortex contralateral to ischemic cortex and border zone (for all samples n=60, mean wet weight 2.037+/-0.046 mg). Differences between ischemic and normal cortex were 5.4+/-1.1%, 317+/-21 mEq/kg dry-weight, -304+/-27 mEq/kg dry-weight (n=5) for H(2)O%, [Na(+)], and [K(+)]. These differences between ischemic and normal cortex are 1.4-2.5, 1-3.11, and 1.4-3.5 times greater, respectively, than previous results obtained using samples weighing 35 mg or more. These results extend the association of sodium and potassium with ischemic brain edema in the rodent model, and show that these classical measurements can keep pace with the regionality of histochemical and morphological methods.     

Hyperbaric oxygenation induced tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia in mice is strain dependent

SV129 or C57BL/6 mice were exposed to hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO, 5 days, 1 h every day, 100% O(2) at 3 atm absolute). One day after the 5th HBO session focal cerebral ischemia was induced. In SV129 mice, HBO induced tolerance against permanent focal cerebral ischemia (n=42, mean infarct volume reduction 27%, P=0.001), but not against transient (30 or 60 min) focal cerebral ischemia. In the C57BL/6 strain of mice, HBO did not induce tolerance against focal cerebral ischemia, even when the duration of ischemia or the HBO protocol were modified. For the first time we demonstrate that HBO can induce tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia, but this effect is strain dependent.     

脑卒中患者抑郁情绪的研究

目的　研究脑卒中患者的抑郁情绪状况。方法　采用Hamilton(HAMD)抑郁量表评价73名脑卒中住院患者及40名健康人,比较两者的HAMD总分及因子分。结果　脑卒中患者组HAMD总分及因子分高于健康人组,具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论　情绪抑郁是脑卒中后常见的心理障碍。     

儿童急性白血病患者血浆止凝血分子标志物检测的临床意义

目的　了解三种止凝血分子标志物在不同类型 ,不同出血程度的儿童急性白血病 (AL)患者中的变化并探讨其临床意义。方法　用ElISA方法检测了 56例初诊AL患儿血浆中的凝血酶调节蛋白 (TM) ,可溶性纤维蛋白单体复合物 (SFMC) ,D-二聚体 (D -D)含量 ,并用常规方法检测了 56例AL患儿的血小板 (BPC)、血浆凝血酶原时间 (PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)、鱼精蛋白副凝试验( 3P)及纤维蛋白原定量 (Fg)。结果　 56例AL患儿的SFMC、D -D均值高于正常对照组儿童的均值 ,两组比较有显著差异 (P <0 0 5)。急性非淋巴细胞白血病 (ANLL)与急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)比较 ,ANLL患儿组的SFMC、D -D的血浆含量显著高于ALL组。高白细胞性急性白血病 (HLAL)与其它初诊时白细胞数低于 1 0 0× 1 0 9/L的AL患儿比较 ,TM、SFMC、D -D均有显著差异 (P <0 0 5)。无出血组与正常对照比较 ,SFMC、D -D及BPC有显著差异 (P <0 0 5) ,其它项目无显著差异 ,轻度出血组与无出血组比较 ,BPC减低有显著差异 (P <0 0 5) ,而其它项目无显著差异 ,重度出血组与轻度出血组相比较 ,TM、SFMC、D -D、3P试验、Fg均有显著差异。结论　 1、儿童AL患儿存在不同程度凝血、纤溶紊乱 ,以HLAL患儿最严重。 2、血管内皮细胞受损 ,?     

Acute-onset nontraumatic paraplegia in childhood: fibrocartilaginous embolism or acute myelitis?

Fibrocartilaginous embolus causing acute spinal cord infarction is a rare cause of acute-onset paraplegia or quadriplegia. Few cases of survivors have been reported in the neurosurgical literature, with most reports involving post-mortem or biopsy findings. There is little information on MRI findings in such patients. We present the youngest patient ever reported, and discuss the important differences between fibrocartilaginous embolus and acute myelitis of childhood. A 6-year-old girl with a history of back pain presented with sudden-onset nontraumatic paraplegia, with a clinical anterior spinal artery syndrome. Initial MRI scan revealed intervertebral disc disease at L1–2 and an incidental thoracic syrinx, but no cause for her acute-onset paraplegia was identified. Cerebrospinal fluid and other investigations were all negative. Sequential MRI scans revealed development of spinal cord expansion from T10 to the conus medullaris, with increased cord signal in the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. The intervertebral disc disease was unchanged. The imaging and clinical findings were caused by fibrocartilaginous embolus, which meant there was no need for spinal cord biopsy. The report describes the clinical and imaging criteria for diagnosis of fibrocartilaginous embolus, highlighting the case for avoiding an unnecessary biopsy. The clinical pattern in the paediatric group is discussed, with features differentiating it from acute myelitis of childhood. Received: 4 January 2000     

P-选择素在急性冠脉综合征中的研究进展

P-选择素可反映体内血小板的功能状态,间接反映体内血管炎症及免疫状态,而炎症与免疫可能是导致斑块不稳定的主要因素,观察及干预P-选择素可能对急性冠脉综合征的预测和防治有帮助。     

肺保护性通气策略在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值

Objective To assess the effect of lung protective ventilation on outcome of children with acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods Between January 1999 and December 2007,43 children with ARDS were enrolled from PICU of Shanghai Children's Medical Center and assigned to the protective-ventilation group(group A) or the conventional-ventilation group(group B).The patients in group A (from January 2004 to December 2007)received lower tidal volume(6～7 ml/kg) and high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2 and PEEP.The patients in group B(from January 1999 to December 2003) received relatively higher tidal volume(8～12 mL/kg) with lower PEEP(2～6 cm H2O),and optimal oxygenation was achieved by adjusting FiO2.Tidal volume,PEEP,arterial blood gas,mortality and the number of ventilator-free days were compared between the two groups.Results Since protective ventilation was adopted after 2004,tidal volume was significantly lower in group A[(7.09±1.66)ml/kg]as compared with that in group B[(9.82±2.31) ml/kg](P=0.001).PEEP was significantly higher in group A[(7.15±2.08) cm H2O]as compared with that of group B[(5.40 + 1.84) cm H2O](P=0.021).The mortality was 30.3% in group A and 60.0% in group B.The number of ventilator-free days were(10.88±8.84) d in group A and(8.40±10.86) d in group B.Although mortality was lower and number of ventilator-free days was greater in group A,no significant differences were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation may improve the outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS,however,larger trials are required before a definite conclusion can be reached.     

纳洛酮治疗急性酒精中毒46例疗效观察

目的:总结纳洛酮(naloxone)治疗急性酒精中毒的疗效和经验。方法:对用纳洛酮治疗的46急性酒精中毒患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:纳洛酮治疗轻、中度患者症状消失时间为(0.6±0.1)小时,重度中毒患者神志清醒时间为(3.0±0.3)小时,与传统的治疗相比有明显的优势。结论:纳洛酮是治疗急性酒精中毒的有效药物,使用简单,疗效快速可靠。     

内皮素在急性胰腺炎中的标志物作用

目的　本实验旨在观察ANP时ET在腔静脉血和门静脉血中的浓度变化。方法　将 10 8只大鼠随机分成仿手术组 (A )、损伤对照组 (B)、DA给药一组 (C)和二组 (D )。采用 4 5%牛磺胆酸钠逆行胆胰管逆行注射建立大鼠ANP模型 ,并于 1h、 6h、 2 4h采集尾静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉血液 ,用放免法测定ET含量 ,取胰腺组织作病理切片检查和评分。结果　对照组大鼠外周血、门脉血和腔静脉血ET水平明显高于假手术组和给药组 ,其胰腺病理学改变也明显加重 ,DA一组和DA二组的ET水平及病理改变也有统计学差异。结论　ET能有效反映胰腺病变程度 ,检测门脉血指标比外周血更灵敏、准确 ,经腹主动脉给药比外周静脉注射更有效