Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular component of fatigue in multiple sclerosis

The goals of this study were to investigate muscle fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to determine the relationships between muscle fatigue, clinical status, and perceived fatigue. The fatigability of the anterior tibial muscle was quantitated in patients and controls during 9 min of intermittent stimulation (used to eliminate central sources of muscle fatigue). During exercise, the decline in tetanic force, phosphocreatine, and intracellular pH was greater in patients than in controls. The compound muscle action potential amplitude did not decrease during exercise, indicating that there was no failure of neuromuscular transmission during fatigue. Thus, the excessive fatigue in MS developed from sources beyond the muscle membrane. Following exercise, the recovery of tetanic force was delayed in patients (a pattern that suggests abnormal excitation–contraction coupling), whereas the recovery of metabolites was complete in both groups. Muscular fatigue was correlated with clinical disability but not with perceived fatigue. These results suggests that fatigue in MS has both central (perception, upper motor neuron dysfunction) and peripheral (impaired metabolism and excitation–contraction coupling) components.© 1995 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.     

REPERFUSION FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA ENHANCES INOSITOL PHOSPHATE RELEASE IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT HEART

1. Global myocariial ischaemia (MI) for periods greater tan 5 min caused an inhibition of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC) activity. 2. Two min reperfusion following a 20 min MI period, a time point associated with reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, resulted in an activation of PtdIns-PLC activity, dependent on endogenous noradrenaline and mediated via al-adrenoceptors. 3. This 2 min reperfusion response, in contrast to healthy myocardium, resulted in: (i) enhanced PtdIns-PLC activity; (ii) increased sensitivity to endogenous noradrenaline; (iii) rapid increases in inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3); and (iv) PLC hydrolysis primarily of PtdIns(4,5)P₂, such that the majority of InsP isomers derive from Ins(1,4,5)P₃. 4. Together, these data suggest a functional role for Ins(1,4,5)P3 under postischaemic reperfusion conditions, and provide a possible link between al-adrenoceptor stimulation of the PtdIns turnover pathway and reperfusion injury.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞和新生血管形成

分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞240例245只眼(5人为双眼)，其中主干分支阻塞208只眼，黄斑分支阻塞37只眼。79只眼产生了新生血管，占总数的32.2%，占主干分支阻塞的37.9%．玻璃体出血39只眼，占分支阻塞的15.9%，占新生血管的49.4%。新生血管的危险因素是无灌注区形成、动脉灌注不良、阻塞处静脉严重受压．新生血管的发生随病程时间延长而增高，病程5年以上者高达83.3%。分支静脉阻塞盲目者20只眼占8.2%，其中因新生血管及并发症致盲者14只眼，占盲目的70%，占分支静脉阻塞的5.7%. （中华眼底病杂志，1994，10：67-70）     

晕可宁颗粒对急、慢性梅尼埃病模型的影响

目的　探讨晕可宁颗粒的主要药效学 ,为临床提供药效学资料及治疗学基础。方法　采用三氯甲烷破坏豚鼠一侧膜迷路感受器模型 ,探讨受试药对眼震颤、摆头及旋转的影响 ;采用内淋巴囊和内淋巴管阻塞手术复制豚鼠膜迷路实验性膜迷路积水模型 ,研究内耳组织平均中阶面积 (SMA)增加率及形态学的变化。结果　抑眩宁阳性对照组、晕可宁颗粒 (8、16g/kg)模型给药组豚鼠眼球震颤次数减少 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。成功复制了不同程度膜迷路积水豚鼠模型 ,表现为前庭膜重度膨出 ,前庭阶缩小 ,膜蜗管增大 ,SMA增加率变大 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;晕可宁颗粒灌胃后可减轻豚鼠实验性膜迷路积水的程度 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;但与空白对照组比较SMA增加率差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　晕可宁颗粒可以减轻内淋巴囊积水程度 ,对梅尼埃病症状有对抗治疗作用。     

航渡营养口粮抗疲劳实验研究

目的：评价航渡营养口粮抗疲劳功能。方法：50只小鼠随机分成氨基酸低，中，高剂量组，混合饲料组和对照组，进行运动耐力测定，血清尿素氮浓度测定和血糖测定。结果：给予氨基酸的小鼠，与对照组比较负重游泳时间明显延长（P＜0．05），小鼠负重游泳至力竭时血清尿素氮浓度明显降低（P＜0．01），氨基酸高剂量组和混合饲料组小鼠血糖水平高于对照组。结论：航渡营养口粮能有效地提高小鼠机体运动耐力，维持血糖水平，降低血清尿素氮浓度，抗疲劳。     

Illustrations of neurosurgical techniques in early period of Ottoman Empire by Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu

Summary   Background. Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu (A.D. 1385–1468) was the author of the first illustrated surgery atlas Cerrahiyyetü’l Haniyye (Imperial Surgery), which was written in Turkish in 1465. The purpose of this report is to present his unique contribution to modern neurological surgery. Methods. Cerrahiyyetü’l Haniyye consists of 412 pages in three chapters, in which there are a total of 191 sections dealing with a variety of surgical specialties, including neurosurgery. In each section of the book, a sentence written in rhyme and meter gives the diagnosis, classification and surgical technique in detail. Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu describes medical and surgical management of neurological diseases such as spinal trauma, epilepsy, migraine, facial palsy, hemiplegia, low back pain, cranial fracture, hydrocephalus and abscesses of the head in his textbook. Conclusions. Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu was a great surgeon in Turkish medical history and the sections on neurological diseases in Cerrahiyyetü’l Haniyye are of great importance in neurosurgery. Today, he is justified as a pioneer of surgery, an investigator and a medical illustrator in the early period of Ottoman Empire. His atlas is a modification of original contributions from earlier treatises.     

Le poumon anténatal : de l’imagerie à l’interventionnel

Thanks to screening programs and high-resolution ultrasound equipment, lung developmental malformations are readily diagnosed. Given the variable consequences of these conditions, reliable methods are needed to predict the mortality as well as the level of morbidity associated with the diagnosed malformation. New ultrasonographic methods (improvement of 2D ultrasound machine's resolution, measurement of lung volume by 3D ultrasonography (Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis (VOCAL) imaging program), Volume Contrast Imaging and 3D power Doppler) improved the understanding of pathologies natural history as well as prognosis evaluation. MRI is still the reference technique but the use of 3D ultrasonography tends to generalize. Recent improvement in prognostic evaluation lead to minimally invasive in utero treatment for human fetuses with CDH. Tracheal occlusion is performed through the use of a balloon placed by foetoscopy. First results are encouraging in terms of mortality. Evaluation of induced short and long morbidity is still needed.     

La dimension de contact et les troubles esthéticophysiognomiques

Dimension of contact is the very moment when meeting with someone. The limits can be precisely defined as an aesthetic moment, i.e. the very moment when someone appears. That is an experience of one's expressivity. One can usually go through this ephemeral moment to reach simple self-continuity. Pathologies of contact may be described at different levels: neurosis, pathological personalities and psychosis.     

Hyperactivité de l'enfant : une approche psychopathologique

Hyperactivity is nowadays a very fashionable syndrome and a source of conflicts that are harmful for patients and their families. Indeed, two approaches seem to be opposed: 1) A purely psychoanalytical approach taking into account only the interpretation of the “symptome”; 2) A biological or cognitive approach, which postulates a cerebral organic origin and recommends behavioural therapy or stimulants only. In fact, the solution should be between these two positions. Anyway, hyperactivity disorder comprises very different clinical situations. The biological approach alone is not sufficient to explain this disorder, in no case, should treatment be exclusive (stimulants, psychoanalytical therapy…). The interest of different approaches is discussed in three contrasted case reports.