Aerosol release,distribution, and prevention during aerosol therapy: a simulated model for infection control

Aerosol therapy is used to deliver medical therapeutics directly to the airways to treat respiratory conditions. A potential consequence of this form of treatment is the release of fugitive aerosols, both patient derived and medical, into the environment and the subsequent exposure of caregivers and bystanders to potential viral infections. This study examined the release of these fugitive aerosols during a standard aerosol therapy to a simulated adult patient. An aerosol holding chamber and mouthpiece were connected to a representative head model and breathing simulator. A combination of laser and Schlieren imaging was used to non-invasively visualize the release and dispersion of fugitive aerosol particles. Time-varying aerosol particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured with optical particle sizers at clinically relevant positions to the simulated patient. The influence of breathing pattern, normal and distressed, supplemental air flow, at 0.2 and 6 LPM, and the addition of a bacterial filter to the exhalation port of the mouthpiece were assessed. Images showed large quantities of fugitive aerosols emitted from the unfiltered mouthpiece. The images and particle counter data show that the addition of a bacterial filter limited the release of these fugitive aerosols, with the peak fugitive aerosol concentrations decreasing by 47.3–83.3%, depending on distance from the simulated patient. The addition of a bacterial filter to the mouthpiece significantly reduces the levels of fugitive aerosols emitted during a simulated aerosol therapy, p≤ .05, and would greatly aid in reducing healthcare worker and bystander exposure to potentially harmful fugitive aerosols.     

血肿穿刺抽吸术治疗高血压性脑出血58例临床分析

目的 探讨超早期微创术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效和影响疗效的主要因素。方法 回顾性分析微创术治疗58例高血压性脑出血患者的术后疗效。结果 58例患者完全康复8例,生活完全自理27例。部分自理11例,需他人照料5例,死亡7例。结论 微创术超早期治疗高血压性脑出血安全、有效、病死率低、致残率低、预后好。     

无牵开器动态牵拉技术治疗高血压脑出血

目的探讨无牵开器动态牵拉技术治疗高血压脑出血的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用无牵开器动态牵拉技术治疗的40例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料;分析手术技术特点、手术效果、脑牵拉伤、术后恢复情况。结果所有患者均在脑内血肿清除术中采用无牵开器动态牵拉技术;平均手术时间(154.75±26.21)min;平均血肿清除率(92.08±6.17)%;有6例患者(15%)发生术野再出血,2例患者(5%)发生脑牵拉伤。术后3个月的改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分:1级1例,2级6例,3级18例,4级11例,5级3例,6级1例。结论在高血压脑出血血肿清除术中,采用无牵开器动态牵拉技术,所需硬件设备少,手术效果好,术后并发症少,并能提高患者生活质量,值得在基层医院推广应用。     

Improved trafficking and expression of luminopsins for more efficient optical and pharmacological control of neuronal activity

Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity, allowing for less cumbersome and less invasive optogenetic manipulation. It was previously shown that both an external light source and the luciferase substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), could modulate activity of LMO-expressing neurons, although the magnitudes of the photoresponses remained subpar. In this study, we created an enhanced iteration of the excitatory luminopsin LMO3, termed eLMO3, that has improved membrane targeting due to the insertion of a Golgi trafficking signal sequence. In cortical neurons in culture, the expression of eLMO3 resulted in significant reductions in the formation of intracellular aggregates, as well as in a significant increase in total photocurrents. Furthermore, we corroborated the findings with injections of adeno-associated viral vectors into the deep layers of the somatosensory cortex (the barrel cortex) of male mice. We observed greatly reduced numbers of intracellular puncta in eLMO3-expressing cortical neurons compared to those expressing the original LMO3. Finally, we quantified CTZ-driven behavior, namely whisker-touching behavior, in male mice with LMO3 expression in the barrel cortex. After CTZ administration, mice with eLMO3 displayed significantly longer whisker responses than mice with LMO3. In summary, we have engineered the superior LMO by resolving membrane trafficking defects, and we demonstrated improved membrane targeting, greater photocurrents, and greater functional responses to stimulate with CTZ.     

从痰论治冠心病心绞痛探析

从冠心病从痰论治的理论基础、从祛痰治疗冠心病能获得的益处对从痰论治冠心病心绞痛作了探析。指出：痰瘀症候与脂蛋白代谢存在密切关系,而冠心痛与中医的痰凝血瘀有关,化痰类药物的确能增加冠状动脉血流量,增加心肌收缩力,降脂提高心肌核酸代谢,保护缺血心肌。     

不同术式对自发性脑出血周围水肿带的影响

目的通过比较微创脑内血肿穿刺外引流术与开颅血肿清除术对自发性基底节区脑出血周围水肿带大小的比较,为脑出血的治疗寻找较为理想的治疗方案。方法对51例自发性基底节区脑出血病人进行回顾性分析,其中26例接受微创脑内血肿外引流术,25例接受开颅手术清除血肿。将手术前后两组病人血肿周围脑水肿带体积进行比较。结果微创手术组术后7天血肿周围水肿体积小于开颅血肿清除手术组(P<0.05)。结论微创手术组对血肿周围脑组织损伤小,可作为高血压性脑出血手术治疗的首选术式。     

Rab3 Proteins and SNAP-25, Essential Components of the Exocytosis Machinery in Conventional Synapses, are Absent from Ribbon Synapses of the Mouse Retina

GTP-binding rab proteins, present in synaptic vesicles and endocrine secretory granules, have been shown to be involved in the control of regulated exocytosis. We found rab3 proteins in immunoblots of diverse areas of the mouse central nervous system (spinal cord, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cerebellum and neocortex). Immunohistochemical observations at light- and electron-microscopical levels in the hippocampus and other areas revealed rab3 proteins in virtually all synaptic fields and terminals of the areas investigated. In the retina, rab3A immunoreactivity was confined to the inner and outer plexiform layers. Ultrastructural examination revealed that rab3A was present in conventional terminals in the inner plexiform layer and in horizontal cell processes of the outer plexiform layer. In contrast ribbon synapses, which play a key role in transferring information from the photoreceptor cells to the central nervous system, were immunonegative. We also tested whether other proteins of the rab3 family are present in ribbon synapses. However, using an antibody recognizing rab3B and rab3C in addition to rab3A, we found no immunoreactivity in these synapses. Interestingly, we observed also no immunoreactivity for synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) in ribbon synapses, but conventional synapses and horizontal cell processes were heavily stained. Our data show that the known rab3 and SNAP-25 isoforms, which are components of the secretory apparatus of conventional synapses, are absent from ribbon synapses of the retina. Our observations suggest different mechanisms of transmitter exocytosis in conventional and ribbon terminals.     

伤病员空运后送护理与医学准备

通过分析空运情况下对伤病员影响的主要因素,提出了伤病员空运后送前医学准备的主要要求:维持伤病员生命体征的稳定;减少机上医疗护理操作;处置伤病员使其符合航空环境要求。指出伤病员空运后送前医学准备的主要内容包括:对伤病员进行分类,确定其空运后送的顺序;对伤病员进行更换敷料、包扎固定等一般性处置;针对不同的伤类、伤部和伤势进行特殊处置等。