E3泛素连接酶接头蛋白SPOP抑制前列腺癌的研究进展

前列腺癌（prostate cancer,Pca）是男性最常见的肿瘤之一,发病率和病死率呈逐年上升趋势,发生发展的遗传因素复杂多样。随着靶向治疗广泛应用于临床,新靶点的探索与研究在Pca的精准治疗中至关重要。研究发现E3泛素连接酶斑点型锌指结构蛋白（speckle-type POZ protein,SPOP）在Pca的发生发展中起重要抑制作用。本文重点介绍SPOP的结构、功能及其在Pca中的突变情况及相关底物;总结SPOP抑制Pca发生发展的分子机制：调控雄激素受体（androgen receptor,AR）介导的信号通路,DNA损伤修复及免疫应答;探讨SPOP在Pca中的临床意义及研究中存在的机遇与挑战。     

白藜芦醇抑制TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路改善脂多糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞炎性损伤

[目的]观察白藜芦醇对脂多糖诱导的肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）炎性损伤的保护作用,及其对TXNIP/NLRP3炎性通路的影响。[方法]采用脂多糖（LPS,1 mg/L）体外诱导HK-2细胞炎性损伤模型,将细胞分为正常对照组、LPS诱导组、LPS+低剂量（50 μmol/L）白藜芦醇组、LPS+中剂量（100 μmol/L）白藜芦醇组、LPS+高剂量（200 μmol/L）白藜芦醇组;CCK8法检测HK-2细胞相对存活率,酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测炎性因子白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平,Western Blot方法分析诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、环氧酶-2（COX-2）、人硫氧还蛋白互作蛋白（TXNIP）及人隐热蛋白（NLRP3）表达。[结果]与LPS诱导组比较,不同浓度白藜芦醇干预的HK-2细胞相对存活率明显升高（P<0.05）,细胞上清炎性因子IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α水平明显降低（P<0.05）,细胞中炎性蛋白iNOS及COX-2表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）;细胞中TXNIP及NLRP3蛋白表达也显著降低（P<0.05）,并表现出剂量依赖性。[结论]白藜芦醇可以明显抑制LPS诱导的HK-2细胞炎症损伤,抑制炎症相关蛋白的表达,其作用机制可能与抑制TXNIP/NLRP3炎性通路活化相关。     

药源性胃肠道出血及其病理机制的研究进展

药源性胃肠道出血是由于药物作用于胃肠道,引发胃肠黏膜糜烂、出血。引发胃肠道出血的常见药物包括非甾体抗炎药、抗血栓药、化疗药、抗菌药等,药物通过破坏胃肠道黏膜屏障、抑制血管生成、破坏机体凝血机制等途径诱发胃肠道出血,临床尚缺乏有效的防治办法。本文从药物临床研究现状和病理机制出发,综述了近5年国内外对药物引发胃肠道出血的研究进展,以期阐释药物引发胃肠道出血的作用特点,为发现防治药源性胃肠道出血的可能策略提供参考和线索。     

抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路对神经细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

【摘要】 目的 研究抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路对急性脊髓损伤（ASCI）大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法 160只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白对照组、假手术组、模型组、Nec 1组,每组又根据时间点分为12h、24h、3d、7d四个亚组。采用动脉夹钳夹法制作ASCI模型,空白对照组不做任何处理,假手术组仅暴露脊髓,不损伤脊髓,模型组和Nec 1组用动脉瘤夹脊髓全横截面1min,缝合伤口。空白对照组、假手术组和模型组注射给予生理盐水,Nec 1组注射坏死性凋亡抑制剂Necrostain 1（Nec 1）溶液1μl/kg,1次/d,分别给药12h、24h、3d、7d。给药后以BBB评分对各组大鼠后肢神经功能恢复情况进行评分,完成评分后,取10只给药7d的大鼠脊髓,进行HE染色、Nissl染色、碘化丙啶（PI）染色、Tunel染色;另取10只给药7d的大鼠,取脊髓,用Western Blot检测RIP1、RIP3、Bcl 2蛋白表达情况。结果 模型组和Nec 1组各时间点的BBB评分均显著低于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜005）,Nec 1组各时间点的BBB评分显著高于模型组（P＜005）。造模7d后,模型组脊髓出现坏死、空洞现象,大量炎性细胞浸润,坏死区域面积显著高于假手术组（P＜005）;尼氏体呈细颗粒状,神经元数量减少、染色浅、排列无序,坏死性凋亡细胞较多;PI红染细胞、Tunel阳性细胞数、凋亡小体数量,以及RIPK1、RIPK3、Bcl 2蛋白表达水平显著多于假手术组（P＜005）。给予Nec 1治疗7d后,Nec 1组脊髓坏死组织较模型组少,空洞现象得到改善,炎性细胞浸润现象好转,Nec 1组坏死区域面积显著低于空白对照组和假手术组（P＜005）;尼氏体着色的神经元细胞染色较深,颗粒变粗,存活神经元数量显著高于模型组（P＜005）;PI红染细胞数、凋亡小体数,以及RIPK1、RIPK3蛋白表达水平显著少于模型组（P＜005）,Bcl 2蛋白表达水平显著高于模型组（P＜005）。结论 坏死性凋亡抑制剂Nec 1能通过抑制TNFR/RIPK信号通路,下调RIPK1、RIPK3、上调Bcl 2的表达来缩小ASCI损伤面积,缓解炎症浸润,减少损伤周围神经元数量,改善神经元功能,提高损伤神经元及胶质细胞存活率,改善大鼠BBB评分,抑制坏死性凋亡。     

续断提取物对骨质疏松性大鼠信号通路作用的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)是骨吸收大于骨形成的骨代谢疾病,随着全球老龄化加重,严重威胁人类健康安全。续断作为传统补肾中药在防治OP方面具有广阔潜力,有关研究表明续断通过多靶点、多途径调控相关信号通路防治OP。最新药理学研究证明续断提取物木通皂苷D等成分可通过调控有关信号通路和促炎因子干预碱性磷酸酶、骨保护蛋白、骨钙素等蛋白因子表达,作用于成骨细胞、破骨细胞以及骨髓间充质干细胞有效防治OP。通过检索续断提取物防治OP的基础研究发现,续断提取物木通皂苷D、熊果酸、多糖类可以通过Wnt/β-catenin、MAPK、PI3K/AKT、BMP-Smads信号通路促骨形成,通过OPG/RANKL/RANK、雌激素信号通路抑制骨吸收防治OP。笔者就续断提取物调控不同信号通路,促进成骨细胞增殖,抑制破骨细胞分化,诱导骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化作一综述,为今后中医药防治OP的基础研究提供新思路。     

复方桐叶烧伤油促进糖尿病足皮肤创面愈合及通过p38 MAPK信号通路调节糖尿病足大鼠皮肤组织AQP3表达

探讨复方桐叶烧伤油通过p38信号通路调节激酶（MAPK）信号通路对糖尿病足大鼠皮肤组织水通道蛋白3表达的影响。方法 选取60只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（A组）、糖尿病足溃疡组（B组）、复方桐叶烧伤油组（C组）、复方桐叶烧伤油+S B 2 0 3 5 8 0组（D组）,各15只。B组、C组、D组45只大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病后构建糖尿病足溃疡模型;比较各组研究指标。结果 C组创面愈合率显著高于B组,D组创面愈合率显著低于C组（P ＜0.001）;B组、C组、D组组织中TNF -α、I L - 6、CRP水平均显著高于A组,C组组织中TNF -α、I L - 6、CRP水平均显著低于B组,D组组织中TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平显著高于C组（P ＜0.001）;B组、D组组织中APQ3、p38蛋白表达量均低于A组（P ＜0.001）;C组组织中APQ3表达量低于A组（P ＜0.001）,而p38蛋白表达量显著高于B组,D组APQ3、p38蛋白表达量均极显著低于C组（P ＜0.001）。结论 复方桐叶烧伤油促进糖尿病足皮肤创面愈合,通过激活p38 MAPK信号通路磷酸化上调糖尿病足大鼠皮肤组织中APQ3表达。     

经颧颞下入路切除颅中窝、颅后窝及颞下窝肿瘤

为减轻对颞叶脑组织的牵拉，一个入路同时切除位于颅中窝、颅后窝及颞下窝的颅底肿瘤，作者采用经颧弓游离额下入路的手术方法．成功地对9例同时或分别位于颅中窝、颅后窝及顾下窝的肿瘤病人施行手术治疗．其中镜下全切6例，次全及大部切除3例。实践表明，经颧弓游离翎下入路对同时或分别位于颅中窝、颅后窝及颞下窝肿瘤显露满意，且对额叶脑组织的牵拉轻微，是一较为理想的显微颅底外科的手术入路。     

Increased Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Reduces Renal Cell Apoptosis During Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury After Hypothermic Machine Perfusion

Hypothermic machine perfusion (MP) can reduce graft's injury after kidney transplantation; however, the mechanism has not been elucidated. In the past decade, many studies showed that aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a protease which can inhibit cell apoptosis. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether ALDH2 takes part in reducing organ damage after MP. Eighteen healthy male New Zealand rabbits (12 weeks old, weight 3.0 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, MP group, and cold storage (CS) group (n = 6). The left kidney of rabbits underwent warm ischemia for 35 min through clamping the left renal pedicle and then reperfusion for 1 h. Left kidneys were preserved by MP or CS (4°C for 4 h) in vivo followed by the right nephrectomy and 24‐h reperfusion, and then the specimens and blood were collected. Finally, concentration of urine creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and 4‐HNE were tested. Renal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, and the expression of ALDH2, cleaved‐caspase 3, bcl‐2/ bax, MAPK in renal tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry or Western blot; 24 h after surgery, the concentration of Cr in MP group was 355 ± 71μmol/L, in CS group was 511 ± 44 μmol/L (P < 0.05), while the BUN was 15.02 ± 2.34 mmol/L in MP group, 22.64 ± 3.58 mmol/L in CS group (P < 0.05). The rate of apoptosis and expression of cleaved caspase‐3, p‐P38, p‐ERK, and p‐JNK in MP group was significantly lower than that in CS group (P < 0.05), while expression of ALDH2 and bcl‐2/bax in MP group was significantly higher than that in CS group (P < 0.05); expression of cleaved caspase‐3 in both MP and CS group significantly increased as compared with that in normal group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increased expression of ALDH2 can reduce the renal cell apoptosis through inhibiting MAPK pathway during ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) after hypothermic MP.     

Clinical pathway for tension-free vaginal mesh procedure: Evaluation in 300 patients with pelvic organ prolapse

Objectives:   To evaluate a clinical pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 for the tension-free vaginal mesh (TVM) procedure in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP).
Methods:   Between May 2006 and December 2007, 305 consecutive women with POP quantification stage 3 or 4 were planned to undergo the TVM procedure in a single general hospital. Excluding five patients with concomitant hysterectomy, a pathway (removal of the indwelling urethral catheter on the next morning, discharge on postoperative day 3) was applied to the remaining 300 patients. The perioperative complications and postoperative hospitalization were prospectively evaluated in this case series.
Results:   Perioperative complications were: bladder injury (11 cases, 3.7%), vaginal wall hematoma (two cases, 0.7%), rectal injury (one case, 0.3%) and temporary hydronephrosis (one case, 0.3%). None needed blood transfusion. The indwelling urethral catheters were removed on the next morning as in the pathway in 287 cases (95.6%), and none required clean intermittent catheterization at home. Postoperative hospitalization was within 3 days in 280 cases (93.3%). The six cases (2.0%) with longer hospitalization were due to complications (two cases of bladder injury, one of rectal injury, one of blood loss over 200 mL, one of temporary urinary retention, and one of hydronephrosis). Two patients were re-hospitalized within one month due to vaginal bleeding or gluteal pain.
Conclusions:   Patients generally accepted the pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 in spite of the Japanese culture preferring a longer hospital stay.