以胃结肠静脉干为中心的扩大右半结肠联合远端胃切除12例分析

<正>文献报道,5%～12%的结肠癌累及周围器官,而右半结肠累及周围组织器官达25%左右[1]。研究结果显示,联合器官切除的结肠癌根治术可改善病人预后,但联合器官切除手术时间长、难度较大、术后并发症发生率高,而且学习曲线也较长[2-4]。鉴于此,本研究总结扩大右半结肠联合远端胃切除手术经验,对操作步骤进行分层,以期降低手术学习难度。现报告如下。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中控制性低中心静脉压技术实施要点与意外处理

控制性低中心静脉压（CLCVP）技术的合理实施,可减少腹腔镜肝切除术中出血、提供清晰手术视野、促进病损精准切除、实现病人术后加速康复,因此,近年来在临床上逐渐得到广泛应用。然而,这项技术有一定难度,若实施不当可能导致病人器官功能受损;因此,对麻醉医生的临床能力提出了较高要求。CLCVP技术的合理实施,首先应严格掌握其适应证、禁忌证;其次需在完善的“麻醉镇痛、镇静和抗应激”基础上进行限制性补液,同时辅以输注心血管活性药物、调节手术体位、优化通气等治疗措施;最后应确保过程中病人循环功能稳定、重要器官灌注正常。CLCVP技术实施过程中可能发生CO2气栓、低氧血症、酸中毒和以急性肾功能损伤为代表的器官功能损害等意外事件,影响手术进行和病人预后。因此,围手术期应对可能的并发症进行积极预防、动态管理、及时处理。麻醉科医师在掌握上述实施要点和意外防治方法的前提下,通过不断实践、合理运用CLCVP技术,可为腹腔镜肝切除术提供良好手术条件,协助术者微创、精准切除肝脏病损,同时保障病人安全、促进快速康复。     

尿激酶延迟溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的安全性和有效性

目的：探讨尿激酶延迟溶栓疗法下肢深静脉血栓形成（ＬＥＤＶＴ）的安全性和有效性。方法：在静脉造影确诊后,采用尿激酶延迟溶栓疗法（５０万ｕ１０ｍｉｎ内推入,随后１ｈ内静脉输液１０万ｕ,２－３ｄ每天静脉输液１００万ｕ,４－１４ｄ每天静脉输液２５－５０万ｕ）加每天皮下注射肝素钙５０ｍｇ（每１２ｈ１次）和口服阿司匹林１００ｍｇ（每天１次）治疗ＬＥＤＶＴ患者９例,结果：血栓完全溶解１例（１１．１１％）,部分溶     

Thrombolysis for Restoration of Patency to Haemodialysis Central Venous Catheters: A Systematic Review

Urokinase, previously used to restore patency to thrombosed haemodialysis catheters, is now unavailable in North America.We performed systematic reviews of four questions related to the safety and efficacy of alternative agents for catheter thrombolysis, searching Medline and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register.In dialysis patients, large case series have documented that urokinase is safe and effective (>70%% efficacy for catheter instillation, and >80%% for systemic lysis). Experience with streptokinase is limited and allergic complications develop with repeated use. Studies of catheter instillation with 1–2[emsp4 ]mg of tPA per lumen reported short-term success in 83–98%% of uses. One non-peer-reviewed study described 44–59%% success using systemic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 2.5[emsp4 ]mg through each of 2 lumens, over 1[emsp4 ]h. Meta-analysis of randomized comparisons of urokinase and tPA as full-dose thrombolytic agents suggested that 1[emsp4 ]mg tPA was likely equivalent in thrombolytic potency to 36,000 units urokinase. In nondialysis populations, four case series suggested that catheter instillation with 0.5–2[emsp4 ]mg tPA was effective and safe in reestablishing patency, and a randomized controlled trial found 2–4[emsp4 ]mg tPA more effective than 5,000–10,000 units urokinase. No complications have been reported in any patient treated with systemic or local tPA for catheter thrombolysis. In studies of fistula thrombolysis with 5–50[emsp4 ]mg tPA major complications occurred in one episode in 130 patients treated.This review suggests that 1–2[emsp4 ]mg/lumen tPA is a suitable dose for catheter instillation and likely to be more effective than 5000 units/lumen urokinase. Systemic lysis with 5–10[emsp4 ]mg tPA is likely to be safe and effective in suitably selected patients. Further studies are needed.     

Analysis of pulmonary heme oxygenase-1 and nitric oxide synthase alterations in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cirrhosis and portal hypertension due to chronic common bile duct ligation reproduce the features of human hepatopulmonary syndrome, whereas portal hypertension alone due to partial portal vein ligation does not. Nitric oxide contributes to experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome, but the nitric oxide synthase forms involved remain controversial. Recently, increased pulmonary heme oxygenase-1 expression and carbon monoxide production have also been found after common bile duct ligation. Our aim was to explore the role of the heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide pathway in the pathogenesis of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome. METHODS: Pulmonary heme oxygenase-1 expression and distribution were assessed in sham; 3-week partial portal vein ligation; and 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-week common bile duct ligation animals by Northern, Western and immunohistochemical analysis relative to endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels and to hepatopulmonary syndrome development. In vivo heme oxygenase enzyme inhibition with tin protoporphyrin IX in common bile duct ligation animals was used to define effects on intrapulmonary vasodilatation and arterial blood gases. RESULTS: Heme oxygenase-1 expression in pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages and arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels increased progressively from 3 to 5 weeks after common bile duct ligation relative to controls (5-week protein levels were 15.94 +/- 1.75-fold those of sham animals; P < 0.001). Inducible nitric oxide synthase increased transiently in pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages in 3-week common bile duct ligation animals, whereas pulmonary microvascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase increases began at 2 weeks and correlated with the onset of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Tin protoporphyrin treatment normalized carboxyhemoglobin and improved arterial blood gases and intrapulmonary vasodilatation, reflecting partial reversal of hepatopulmonary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide system is an important contributor to the progression of experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome in addition to alterations in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway.     

直接冠状动脉介入治疗支架内血栓形成的发生率、危险因素及预后

目的分析过去5年期间常规开展ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)支架内血栓形成的发生率、危险因素以及对预后的影响.方法 1999年3月至2004年2月5年期间常规对311例STEMI患者经股动脉或桡动脉施行直接PCI.男250例,女61例,平均年龄60.4岁(26～85岁).围手术期采用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷或噻氯匹定、肝素进行标准的三联抗血小板/抗凝治疗.对全部患者随访两个月以上.结果直接PCI手术操作成功率99%(308/311).8例发生9例次支架内急性/亚急性或后期血栓形成,发生率为2.6%(8/308).其中急性血栓形成5例,亚急性或后期血栓形成3例.这8例患者均有血栓形成的多个高危因素.8例中住院死亡3例,其余5例有明显的左心室收缩功能障碍.结论 STEMI直接PCI后的血栓形成发生率较高,小直径的长支架和缺乏有效的抗血小板治疗可能是血栓形成的主要危险因素,血栓形成患者的死亡率高,临床长期预后差.     

血栓经导管吸引后直接支架术在急性心肌梗死并发冠状动脉内血栓急诊介入治疗中的应用

目的 :介绍血栓经导管吸引后直接置入支架处理急性心肌梗死 (AMI)并发冠状动脉 (冠脉 )内血栓的急诊介入治疗方法 ,并观察其近期临床疗效。方法 :选择急诊冠脉造影显示梗死相关血管完全闭塞伴冠脉内血栓的AMI患者 ,常规经皮腔内冠脉成形术 (PTCA) ,选用 0 .35 6mm普通冠脉导丝通过病变后 ,经导丝直接送入PercuSurge导管系统中的吸引导管至病变部位 ,持续负压吸引 ,至血栓影消失 ,前向血流恢复后采取直接冠脉内支架置入术 ,观察术前和术后梗死相关血管血流和心肌灌注情况 ,并随访术后近期心功能和主要心血管事件的发生率。结果 :17例患者中经导管吸引后即刻血栓影减少或消失 ,梗死血管直接开通者 15例 (88.3% ) ,其中前向血流恢复达TIMI 3级者 11例 (6 4 .7% ) ,TIMI 2级者 4例 (2 3.5 % ) ;另 2例前向血流未恢复 ,吸引导管不能通过。血栓吸引后再置入支架 ,术后即刻前向血流恢复达TIMI 3级者 14例 (82 .4 % ) ,TIMI 2级者 3例 (17.6 % )。TIMI心肌灌注分级达TMP 3级者 13例 (76 .5 % ) ,TMP 2级者 4例 (2 3.5 % )。未发生与手术相关的并发症。随访住院期间无心绞痛、再梗死及死亡等事件发生。出院前测定左室射血分数为 33%～ 76 % [(6 1.1± 11.3) % ]。结论 :血栓经导管吸引后直接支架术是处理AMI并发     

彩色多普勒血流显像监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像技术（CDFI）监测对肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断价值.方法应用CDFI对504例原位肝移植患者进行术前和术后连续监测.术前监测内容包括门静脉主干直径、血流速度及有无门静脉栓塞等;术后监测内容包括门静脉供体段、受体段、吻合口的直径、管腔内回声、血流方向及血流速度等.结果术后当日门静脉平均血流速度为46.27 cm/s,最小流速为15.8 cm/s,最大流速为110.8 cm/s.358例（71.03%）血流速度＞40 cm/s.30 d后,347例（68.85%）流速降至40 cm/s以下.64例（12.70%）出现离肝血流,1例（0.20%）出现完全离肝血流.门静脉并发症13例（2.58%）,包括4例（0.79%）栓塞（3例血栓、1例瘤栓）,9例（1.79%）吻合口周围狭窄.结论异常门静脉血流信号不一定均出现并发症,连续动态观察门静脉血流的变化更有价值,因此,CDFI技术对监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断具有重要作用.     

Control of presacral venous bleeding, using thumbtacks

Background Massive life threatening bleeding from presacral venous plexus in gynecological surgery, though uncommon can be fatal when conventional methods fail. Case In the present case, a 55-year-old woman undergoing radical hysterectomy for cancer cervix was saved using thumbtacks to control bleeding from presacral vessels when conventional methods were ineffective. Conclusion Use of thumbtacks in such patients is simple, cost effective and life saving.     

Defining practice patterns in gynecologic oncology to prevent pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

OBJECTIVE: The goal of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the development of a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). Because women with gynecologic cancers are at high risk to develop VTE, we sought to determine the present practice patterns of gynecologic oncologists regarding their use of VTE prophylaxis. METHODS: 1073 members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO) were mailed surveys that asked about preferred methods to prevent the development of VTE after gynecologic oncology surgery. Data were collected by online member entry and return mail. Frequency distributions were calculated and nonparametric test used for comparisons. RESULTS: 343/1073 (34%) of SGO members and fellows responded. 142/343 (42%) preferred double prophylaxis consisting of external pneumatic compression (EPC) and an anticoagulant while 41% (n=141) preferred EPC with no additional anticoagulation. Of respondents choosing any anticoagulant, 40% preferred Enoxaparin pre- and/or postoperatively. Ovarian cancer patients were perceived by respondents to have the highest risk of developing a postoperative PE. CONCLUSIONS: Most respondents agree that women with gynecologic cancers undergoing major surgery should receive VTE prophylaxis, though there is not agreement as to which method is optimal. While 42% of members preferred double prophylaxis, 41% chose no additional measures other than EPC. Randomized studies in gynecologic oncology should be initiated in the United States to determine the optimal practice pattern.