上尿路结石合并脓肾的诊断与治疗

目的提高上尿路结石合并脓肾的早期诊断和治疗水平，保护肾功能，减少肾切除率。方法上尿路结石合并脓肾24例，15例行输尿管镜碎石留置双J管引流后二期手术，8例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流后二期手术，1例开放手术术中发现脓肾行肾切除术。结果临床表现结合影像学明确诊断脓肾15例，经皮肾穿刺发现3例，输尿管镜术中发现5例，开放手术中发现1例。行保肾手术21例，肾切除3例。随防3个月-2年，保肾手术21例未因肾功能恶化而切肾，3例肾切除者血肌酐正常。结论早期诊断、及时引流、解除梗阻是上尿路结石合并脓肾保肾治疗的关键。B超和CT检查对脓肾的诊断有重要作用。输尿管镜碎石并留置双J管及经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流是较好的解除梗阻的方法。     

经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折并截瘫

目的探讨经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折的可行性及临床疗效。方法12例上胸椎爆裂骨折并截瘫患者，全部采用经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路行伤椎次全切除减压、植骨、颈椎前路钢板内固定术。结果随访1～7年，椎间植骨均愈合好，内固定无松动、断裂，无切口感染、颈前血肿、窒息、气胸、乳糜漏、肺部感染等并发症。9例术后感觉、运动神经功能均有不同程度改善。Frankel分级：术前A级6例术后恢复至B级1例、C级2例、3例无明显改善；B级1例恢复至C级；C级3例恢复至D级2例、E级1例；D级2例恢复至E级。结论经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路解决了低位下颈椎前方入路因胸骨柄遮挡带来的操作不便，又可避免切断胸骨、锁骨的相关并发症。通常能显露至T4，并能在直视下完成T3及以上椎体的前方减压、植骨和钢板内固定，是治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折理想的手术入路。     

输尿管镜在梗阻性上尿路感染治疗中的应用

目的探讨输尿管镜对梗阻性上尿路感染的治疗作用。方法采用输尿管镜治疗上尿路感染15例。直视下向梗阻性感染侧上尿路插入输尿管镜，采用镜体直接扩张、活检、电灼、激光碎石等微创技术解除梗阻，并适当处理原发疾病，妥善留置F7-9双J管、Foley’s导尿管，配合有效抗菌素治疗。结果12例患者上尿路感染临床症状迅速好转（80％），8例同时完成病因治疗（53．3％）。结论微创输尿管镜技术对梗阻性上尿路感染具有肯定的治疗作用。     

胃切除术后上消化道大出血的再手术治疗

目的：探讨和总结胃切除术后上消化道大出血的原因及再手术方法。方法：回顾性分析1986年8月－2000年6月间我院收治11例胃切除术后上消化道大出血再手术病人的临床资料。结果：吻合口出血5例,残胃粘膜损伤出血3例,旷置溃疡出血2例,遗漏病灶出血1例,均再手术治疗痊愈。结论：预防再出血是关键,正确估计再出血病情,把握再手术时机及再手术方式十分重要。     

高位腰椎间盘突出症

目的：通过147例高位腰椎间盘突出症的回顾性研究,旨在提高对本症的认识,减少漏诊,误诊,方法：回顾性分析报告147例高位腰椎间盘突出,结果：治疗腰1,210例,腰2。3 32例,腰3,4 105例,其中双间隙突出34例,跳跃性突出27例,伴椎管狭窄31例。瘫痪3例,非手术治疗34例,手术113例,优47例,良8例,差92例,重点讨论了高位腰椎及椎间盘和神经根的解剖特点和临床三大特征及诊断治疗,提出对不同程度的病人用不同治疗方式以及手术中需要注意的六个问题。     

螺旋CT多平面重建对寰枢椎改良后路经关节螺钉内固定的意义

目的通过对正常人螺旋CT多平面重建检查，并对其行后路经关节螺钉内固定技术相关形态学参数的测量，为临床提供患者个体化手术相关信息。方法对60例正常人进行寰椎的螺旋CT检查，获取相关参数并进行分析。采用枢椎下关节突正中为进钉点模拟寰枢椎后路经关节螺钉内固定术，在螺旋CT重建上获得轴面和矢状面的正确倾斜角度。C2峡部高度和宽度，理想的螺钉长度，理想的螺钉矢状面和轴面倾斜度，以及理想的螺钉路径与椎动脉沟之问距离。结果C2峡部高度为（8．02±1．92）mm，峡部宽度（6．05±1．32）mm，理想的螺钉长度为（41．22±4．48）mm，螺钉矢状面倾斜度为53．87°±5．61°，与内向成角（14．81°±2．81°）。10侧（8％）峡部狭窄（宽度或高度小于5mm），测量其椎动脉沟与理想螺钉途径之间距离，有12例（10％）小于2．5mm，因此总共有22侧（18％）存在潜在椎动脉损伤风险。结论术前对每个患者行CT检查十分必要，能充分地了解个体的解剖结构，提高手术的安全性。     

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis with hemophilia A

A 13-year-old boy who had hemophilia A was reported with pain in the left thigh and hip on walking. He had no history of trauma. Severe hemophilia A is diagnosed with a Factor VIII level of <1 iu/dl. The presumptive diagnosis was that of a spontaneous bleed into the hip joint. Factor VIII mutational analysis revealed a C to G substitution at nucleotide 6683 which results in a cystine change at codon 2194. However, the symptoms persisted and an X-ray demonstrated the presence of an acute on chronic slip of the upper femoral epiphysis. The patient was transferred to the center treating his hemophilia where the hip was pinned in situ under cover with Factor VIII. This case demonstrates the need to be aware of a possible traumatic diagnosis of hip pain in a hemophiliac child with a longstanding history of spontaneous bleeding into joints.     

Risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications are the most frequent cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality in upper abdominal surgery (UAS). We aimed to examine the influence of possible preoperative, operative and postoperative risk factors on the development of early postoperative pulmonary complications (POPC) after UAS. METHODS: A prospective study of 60 consecutive patients was conducted who underwent elective UAS in general surgical unit. Each patient's preoperative respiratory status was assessed by an experienced chest physician using clinical examination, chest radiographs, spirometry and blood gas analysis . Anaesthetical risks, surgical indications, operation time, incision type, duration of nasogastric catheter and mobilization time were noted. Forty-eight hours after the operation, pulmonary examinations of the patients were repeated. RESULTS: Postoperative pulmonary complications were observed in 35 patients (58.3%). The most common complication was pneumonia, followed by pneumonitis, atelectasis, bronchitis, pulmonary emboli and acute respiratory failure. The presence of preoperative respiratory symptoms and the spirometric parameter of forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity were the most valuable risk factors for early prediction of POPC. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic efficiency of the presence of preoperative respiratory symptoms in the POPC prediction were 70, 61 and 66%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We recommend a detailed pulmonary examination and spirometry in patients who will undergo UAS by chest physicians to identify the patients at high risk for POPC, to manage respiratory problems of the patients before surgery and also to help surgeons to take early measures in such patients before a most likely POPC occurrence. Improvement of lung function in those patients at risk for POPC before operation may decrease morbidity in surgical patients.     

两种微创手术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的前瞻随机研究

目的 评估后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术（RLU）与微创经皮输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术（MPCUL）治疗直径＞1 cm,结石≤3枚;3.5 cm＜结石距肾盂输尿管连接处（UPJ）＜6.5 cm的复杂性输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法 2010年1月至2012年12月间,于1573例来兰州军区兰州总医院门诊就诊的输尿管结石患者中,按纳入标准和排除标准选择206例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者,以前瞻性随机对照研究方法分为RLU及MPCUL治疗组,每组103例记录两组患者术前一般资料,两组患者首次手术时间、总治疗时间、结石一次性排出或取净率、并发症发生率、总治疗费用、效率商（EQ值）及患肾肾小球滤过率（GFR）恢复等方面进行统计学分析.结果 两组术前一般资料无明显统计学差异.RLU组首次手术时间为（90± 15） rmin,总治疗时间20.4 d,结石一次性排出或取净率97.1％,并发症发生率6.8％,总治疗费用（1.8±0.7）万元,EQ值93.5％,术后3、6、9、12个月患肾GFR（27.5±1.5）、（41.6±1.7）、（49.6±1.3）、（53.1±0.8） ml/mm,而MPCUL组分别为（50±10） rmin,19.4 d,92.2％,13.6％,（2.5±0.6）万元,84.8％,（23.6±1.1）、（31.1±1.4）、（38.7±1.7）、（43.5±1.5） ml/min.两组疗效差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 对于复杂性输尿管上段结石,RLU治疗优于MPCUL.     

侧后方入路手术治疗高位腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨侧后方入路治疗高位腰椎间盘突出症(ULDH)的临床疗效。方法对20例ULDH患者行侧后方入路治疗。术前、术后2周及末次随访时进行腰痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)及JOA评分。结果 20例全部获得随访,时间12~24(18.8±2.3)个月。VAS评分:术前为7.8分±1.3分,术后2周为1.3分±1.2分,末次随访时为1.4分±1.1分,术后2周及末次随访时与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);JOA评分:术前为12.12分±2.12分,术后2周为20.60分±3.12分,末次随访时为21.88分±3.05分,术后2周及末次随访时与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。疗效按Otani et al分级方法评定:优15例,良1例,可3例,差1例,优良率为16/20。结论侧后方入路治疗ULDH疗效明确。术中应仔细操作,以避免医源性损伤。