肝脏子宫内膜异位症一例

肝脏子宫内膜异位症是以肝内存在异位子宫内膜为特征的一种罕见子宫内膜异位症类型,因其缺乏典型临床症状且影像学诊断困难,易被误诊,组织学检查目前仍是肝脏子宫内膜异位症诊断的金标准。现报告1例海军军医大学第三附属医院收治的患者,反复经期右上腹疼痛,经超声检查发现右肝占位性病变,术后病理证实为肝脏子宫内膜异位症。     

Development of methods to analyse transcranial Doppler ultrasound signals recorded in microgravity

During space flights, several clinical syndromes may be the result of changes in cerebral circulation. The purpose of the paper is to describe the development and initial evaluation of a system for recording, processing and displaying transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) waveforms from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in microgravity. Volunteers were repeatedly subjected to 15–20 s intervals of microgravity (‘near zero gravity’) during flights on the KC-135 military aircraft. Continuous TCD recordings from the MCA were stored on magnetic tape. The paper describes the system that was developed to digitise the Doppler ultrasound data and markers that corresponded to the various levels of microgravity, obtain the maximum and mean Doppler waveforms, identify the waveforms and quantify them. The results demonstrate the feasibility of making TCD recordings in a microgravity environment and illustrate excellent performance of the system and its ease of operation. Quantitative waveform analysis of the recordings from the first subject studied in the supine position showed statistically significant changes in MCA velocity waveforms during microgravity.     

Acute effects of acetazolamide on cerbral blood flow in man

We have followed the time course of the effect of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide injected i. v. in unanesthetized healthy human beings. The dose administered was 500 mg as a bolus. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured continuously before, during and after the injection, using a pulsed ultrasound doppler system, which measured the instantaneous mean velocity across the lumen of the internal carotid artery, just below its entrance into the skull. Ventilation, heart-rate, end-expiratory PCO₂- arterial PCO₂, pH and systemic blood pressure was also measured. We found that acetazolamide caused a rise in CBF which could be detected as early as 2 min after the injection. A maximal average response of 75% increase in CBF was seen after 25 min. The half-time of the declining phase of the response was 95 min. There were no systematic differences in the CO₂ reactivities, given as ACBF/ΔPACO₂ in % of CBF at normocapnia, before and after acetazolamide injection, regardless of the absolute PACO₂ level. The present dose of the drug caused no change in ventilation, alveolar and arterial PCO₂ or in arterial blood pH indicating that the carbonic anhydrase was not fully inhibited. Our observations show that acetazolamide nevertheless caused a rapid vasodilation in the brain and over a wide range of PCO₂′s. We suggest that this agent has a local vasodilator effect on the cerebral arterioles, unrelated to its specific effects as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.     

Cost-effectiveness of fine-needle-aspiration cytology of thyroid nodules with intranodular vascular pattern using two different needle types

Objective: To compare the cytological findings of hypoechoic thyroid nodules with intranodular vascular pattern (pattern II) obtained by two different needles (Neolus 25 gauge, Chemil, Wenzhou, China vs Yale Spinal 25 gauge, Becton Dickinson, Madrid, Spain) in euthyroid patients and to evaluate their cost-effectiveness. Methods: From January 2001 to December 2003, 480 euthyroid patients with a hypoechoic thyroid nodule pattern II were referred for US-FNAC. The nodules were alternatively evaluated by Neolus or by Yale Spinal with the stylet (YS+) or without the stylet (YS−), in order to evaluate if the cytological results could be due to the presence of the stylet or to the different length of the two needles. For each nodule two passes were performed and the material was obtained by capillary action. Material was smeared on slides, fixed, and stained by Papanicolaou techniques. Cytological specimens were evaluated in blind by the same experienced cytopathologist. Results: Inadequate cytological specimens because of blood contamination were present in 30 (18.7%) samples by Neolus needle and in 22 (13.8%) by YS− compared to only 5 (3.1%) by YS+. In 6 (20%) cases of the 30 repeated US-FNAC by Neolus and in 4 (18%) of the 22 US-FNAC by YS−, material remained inadequate for diagnosis because of blood contamination. All the five repeated samples obtained by YS+ became adequate for diagnosis and resulted benign nodules. Direct costs of US-FNAC procedure are currently Э 72.30 including cytological examination. The cost of Neolus and Yale needles is Э 0.19 and Э 3.0, respectively. The estimated total cost to obtain a cytological diagnosis by a Neolus needle (160 + 30 repeated US-FNAC) was Э 13809.2 vs Э 12919.5 by Yale Spinal needle (160 + 5 repeated US-FNAC). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the use of Yale Spinal needles greatly reduces inadequate cytological specimens, and therefore limits both direct and indirect costs.     

Radiologically guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pelvic and retroperitoneal masses: a retrospective study of 68 cases

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the pelvis and retroperitoneum (excluding the pancreas, kidney, and adrenal masses) has not achieved its full potential as a diagnostic modality. We reviewed 68 percutaneous, radiologically guided FNAs from these locations to assess the clinical utility and complication rate of this procedure. Satisfactory material was obtained in 66 cases (97.1%), of which 37 were deemed positive (55%), 3 suspicious (4%), 4 atypical (6%), and 22 negative (32%) for malignancy; two cases (3%) were unsatisfactory. Compared to biopsy (36 patients) and clinical information, the sensitivity and specificity of FNA for malignancy were 90.2% and 100%, respectively, yielding a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 86.6%. The four false-negative cases (5.9%) were due to sampling error. One patient had a minor complication (hematoma) from the procedure. We conclude that FNA is the procedure of choice for detecting most malignancies in these two locations.     

Ultrasound study of the cranial venous system in the human new-born infant and the adult

A pulsed doppler ultrasound technique has been used to measure changes in blood velocities in the superior sagittal sinus, the jugular veins and intracranial and extracranial arteries in 13 neonates, and in the jugular veins and an extracranial artery in 13 adults, during unilateral and bilateral jugular venous compressions. The results have enabled us to determine how the subject under examination functionally uses his cranial venous drainage system in the resting state, and whether or not he can shunt obstructed venous flow through other cranial venous channels. We have found great variability between the subjects. In the resting situation the range of possibilities from total dependence on one jugular vein alone to usage of both jugular veins and the vertebral veins exists. Shunting of blood on jugular compression from either or both jugular veins to the vertebral veins may occur, and contralateral shunting between the jugular veins may be possible in both directions, in one direction or not at all.     

超声多普勒管壁搏动和血流信号的分离研究

本研究提出利用经验模式分解(EMD)算法分解混叠有管壁成分的超声多普勒血流信号来实现管壁搏动和血流信号的分离。该方法首先将混叠有管壁搏动的超声多普勒血流信号分解为少量有限的分量,即内模函数(IMFs),然后根据管壁搏动信号与血流信号的功率比变化曲线,用比值法自动确定并去除低频管壁博动成分。在仿真实验中用提出的方法处理模拟的多普勒信号,对于靠近管腔内壁的血流信号其在频域功率谱上的相对误差为50%,在时域幅度的相对误差为45%,与高通滤波器方法的相对误差95%相比,准确性得到提高。基于个人计算机用C语言编程实现提出的算法,对实际采集的人体颈动脉多普勒信号可实现实时分离处理。结果表明:基于经验模式分解的滤波方法能有效客观地滤除管壁搏动信号,更准确地保留低频血流信号成分。     

Prenatal presentation and diagnosis of Baraitser‐Winter syndrome using exome sequencing

Baraitser‐Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome (BWCFF) is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder associated with missense mutations in the genes ACTB or ACTG1. The classic presentation of BWCFF is discerned by the combination of unique craniofacial characteristics including ocular coloboma, intellectual disability, and hypertelorism. Congenital contractures and organ malformations are often present, including structural defects in the brain, heart, renal, and musculoskeletal system. However, there is limited documentation regarding its prenatal presentation that may encourage healthcare providers to be aware of this disorder when presented throughout pregnancy. Herein we describe a case of a pregnancy with large cystic hygroma and omphalocele. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed and a de novo, heterozygous, likely pathogenic mutation in ACTB was detected, c.1004G>A (p.Arg335His), conferring a diagnosis of BWCFF.     

A Parametric Approach to Measuring Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation from Spontaneous Variations in Blood Pressure

Autoregulation maintains cerebral blood flow (CBF) almost constant in the face of changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP). Tests for impairment of this process using only spontaneous fluctuations in ABP, without provoking large variations, are of great clinical interest, and a range of different approaches have previously been applied. Extending earlier work based on linear filters, we propose a simple parametric method using a first order finite impulse response filter. We evaluate the method on ABP and CBF velocity [(CBFV), from trancranial Doppler ultrasound] signals collected in 60 patients with stenosis or occlusion of the carotid arteries. Data were collected during the inspiration of ambient air, a 5% CO2/air mixture, and finally the return to ambient air. Equivalent data were collected in 15 normal subjects. The filters estimated from the data segments with constant inspiratory pCO2 showed the expected high-pass characteristic, which was reduced during hypercapnia and also in patients. Highly significant correlation between the filter parameters and cerebrovascular reactivity (percent increase in CBFV per unit change in end-tidal pCO2) gives further evidence that the filters reflect autoregulation. The method allows simple parametrization of the dynamic autoregulatory responses in CBFV, and the analysis of short (1 min) data segments. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC01: 8719Uv, 4762+q, 4380Qf     

Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer improves pregnancy rates and increases the frequency of easy transfers

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have suggested that ultrasound (US) guidance during embryo transfer might improve pregnancy rates. METHODS: A prospective randomized (computer-generated random table) trial was performed to compare embryo transfer under abdominal US guidance (n = 255 women) with clinical touch embryo transfer (n = 260). RESULTS: The clinical pregnancy rate was 26.3% (67/255) in the US-guided transfer group compared with 18.1% (47/260) in the clinical touch transfer group (P < 0.05). The implantation rate was 11.1% (100/903) in the US group compared with 7.5% (66/884) in the clinical touch group (P < 0.05). US-guided transfer was associated with a decrease in the difficulty of the transfers: 97% of transfers were easy in the US-guided group compared with 81% in the clinical touch group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: US-guided embryo transfer increased pregnancy and implantation rates in IVF cycles, as well as the frequency of easy transfers. It is suggested that the decrease in cervical and uterine trauma can play a role in the increase in pregnancy rates associated with US-guided transfer. It is recommended that embryo transfer should be performed under US guidance.