Role of intravascular ultrasound in unprotected left main percutaneous coronary intervention

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the unprotected left main stem offers an attractive alternative to bypass grafting, but is associated with a significant clinical risk and therefore demands special consideration. Successful left main PCI is dependent upon the morphology of the lesion and the technical quality of the procedure. For these reasons, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has been the most popular adjunct to coronary angiography during left main PCI. However, trials of IVUS in left main PCI have produced inconclusive results, and most data predate the use of drug-eluting stents. Despite this, IVUS offers practical benefits in both case selection, and in guiding angioplasty and stenting. Here, we review the arguments for the present and future role of IVUS in left main PCI.     

肝癌高强度聚焦超声消融的增效方法

本文从肝癌高强度聚焦超声（HIFu）治疗的优势与不足出发,探讨肝癌HIFU增效剂的临床价值。通过改变肝癌组织声环境,增加靶区能量沉积,即肝癌组织内引入高声阻抗物质,改变肝癌组织声学特性及血供状态,引入微泡造影剂等,阐述HIFU增效剂的原理及应用。     

超声在新生儿肺炎诊断中的应用

新生儿肺炎作为新生儿常见疾病,严重危害新生儿健康,是导致其死亡的重要原因。目前临床诊断新生儿肺炎的主要方法为X线摄片。随着超声技术的发展,其在肺部疾病诊断中的应用也越来越多。本文就超声在新生儿肺炎的辅助诊断及治疗随访中的应用现状与进展进行综述。     

携Sialyl Lewis^X超声微泡靶向探查缺血心肌的炎症分子“印记”

目的探讨应用靶向超声分子成像探查心肌缺血再灌注损伤炎症“印记”的可行性。方法采用“亲和素-生物素”桥接法构建携唾液酸化路易斯（Sibyl Lewis^X）靶向超声微泡（MBsLex）和同型对照微泡（MBc）。10只心肌缺血再灌注小鼠随机先后注入MBsLex和MBc（间隔30min）,分别于注入5min后行心肌对比超声检查,测量心肌缺血区和非缺血区的声强度（Ⅵ）。结果对比超声图像显示MBsLex组缺血区心肌造影见显著增强,Ⅵ值高达23．52±1．08,而在MBc组缺血区心肌造影仅见轻度增强,Ⅵ缸为9．81±0．41,两者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。但无论MBsLex组还是MBc组,缺血区心肌Ⅵ值均明显高于非缺血区心肌Ⅵ值（P〈0．05）。两组非缺血区心肌之间Ⅵ值未见明显差异。结论应用携sLex超声微泡行对比超声能够靶向探查心肌缺血再灌注损伤的炎症“印记”。     

经支气管镜针吸活检术在肺门纵隔淋巴结核诊断中的作用

目的肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大而无肺部病灶的患者明确诊断常极为困难,该研究总结经气管镜针吸活检术(TBNA)在结核引起的孤立性肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大病变诊断中的作用。方法对行TBNA检查患者并最终诊断为结核性肺门纵隔淋巴结炎(TBLA)的患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均进行临床评估和增强CT扫描,记录患者一般资料、病理结果和病原微生物学结果。结果纳入44例患者,其中TBNA诊断为TBLA者42例(95.4%),2例通过其他方法确诊,仅根据细胞病理学结果有32例(72.7%)诊断为结核,其中1例(2.2%)痰涂片阳性,而结核菌培养显示22例(50.0%)培养阳性,经细胞病理学评价不能确诊的12例患者中10例结核培养阳性。细胞病理学检查联合结核分枝杆菌培养诊断率从72.7%提高到95.4%。结论 TBNA是一种诊断TBLA安全高效的一线方法。细胞病理学检查联合结核分枝杆菌培养提高了TBNA的阳性率。     

The use of intraoperative ultrasound in laparoscopic adrenal surgery

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been shown to be a safe and effective therapy for benign adrenal lesions. We review our experience with this procedure, including the use of laparoscopic ultrasound. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 36 patients who underwent resection of 42 adrenal glands. Data gathered included preoperative evaluation and diagnosis, operative time, blood loss, complications, and follow-up status. Laparoscopic ultrasound was used to guide dissection and characterize a variety of adrenal lesions. Results: Thirty-five of 36 patients underwent successful laparoscopic adrenalectomy. There was one conversion to the open procedure in a patient with bilateral adrenal metastases from an endometrial cancer. For the bilateral laparoscopic procedure, the operative time averaged 262 mins, blood loss was 160 cc, and hospital stay was 3.0 days. For unilateral cases, operative time averaged 193 min, blood loss was 108 cc, and hospitalization was 1.1 days. Six patients experienced perioperative complications, most of which were minor and transient. Laparoscopic ultrasound was useful to define anatomy and to identify the adrenal vein, especially on the left side. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the procedure of choice for benign adrenal disease. Laparoscopic ultrasound is useful to localize and aid in the dissection of the left adrenal vein. Received: 24 December 1998/Accepted: 12 February 1999     

高强度聚焦超声定位损伤香猪肝脏组织的病理转归研究

目的观察HIFU无创性定位损伤深部实质脏器组织的有效性和可行性。方法采用GL-1型HIFU治疗样机（1．6MHz,13153W／cm2,3s）对28头小型香猪肝脏组织进行定位损伤。分别于处理后当天、3无、7天、14天、21天和28天取活俭进行病理观察。结果HIFU处理当天（即刻）,光、电镜下靶区肝细胞即出现不可逆变性坏死。3天后出现明显的凝固性坏死,与周围组织分界十分清晰。随后凝固性坏死组织逐渐液化、吸收。28天靶区由外至内逐渐被新生肝组织替代。结论HIFU无创性定位切除体内深部实质脏器肝脏组织是有效和可行的,为临床肿瘤的HIFU治疗提供了重要的实验依据。     

Quantitative Ultrasound and Symptomatic Vertebral Fracture Risk in Chinese Women

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is emerging as a simple, inexpensive and noninvasive method for assessing bone quality and assessing fracture risk. We assessed the usefulness of a contact calcaneal ultrasonometer by studying normal premenopausal women (group I, n= 53), normal postmenopausal women (group II, n= 198), and osteoporotic women without (group III, n= 141) and with vertebral fractures (group IV, n= 53). The osteoporotic subjects had a T-score of the spine or hip neck bone mineral density (BMD) <−2.5 based on the local Chinese peak young mean values. When compared with postmenopausal controls, mean broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) were 26%, 2.1% and 25% lower in women with vertebral fractures (p all <0.005). The correlation coefficients between QUS parameters and BMD of the spine and hip ranged between 0.4 and 0.5. The ability of the QUS to discriminate between patients groups was determined based on the mean value of normal premenopausal women in group I. The mean T-score for women with fractures was −2.87 ± 1.02 for BUA, −2.54 ± 0.79 for SOS, −3.17 ± 0.70 for QUI, −2.65 ± 0.86 for L2–4 BMD and −2.53 ± 0.66 for hip neck BMD. After adjustment for age and body mass index, the odds ratio of vertebral fracture was 1.71 (95% CI 1.2–2.6) for each 1 SD reduction in BUA, 2.72 (1.3–5.3) for SOS, 2.58 (1.4–4.6) for QUI, 2.33 (1.6–3.3) for L2–4 BMD, 2.09 (1.37–3.20) for femoral neck BMD and 1.88 (1.34–2.92) for total hip BMD. The association between the QUS parameters and vertebral fracture risk persisted even adjustment for BMD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for BUA for vertebral fracture was 0.92, for SOS, QUI, L2–4 BMD and femoral neck BMD was 0.95, and for total hip was 0.91. Received: 7 January 1999 / Accepted: 18 May 1999     

The Role of Collagen Abnormalities in Ultrasound and Densitometry Assessment: In Vivo Evidence

There is little information concerning how the mutation of collagen affects bone mineralization and the assessment of bone properties. To estimate these influences, we performed ultrasonic assessments of the calcaneus and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the hip and lumbar spine. Females with diseases related to the mutation of collagen [Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type III and systemic sclerosis (SSc)] participated in this study. We compared the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA and UBI-4), the average transit time through the heel (TTH), and a multiple factor index (UBI-4T) with control subjects matched on age, race, and menstrual status. Both groups of patients had BMD of the spine (L2–L4) within the normal range for their age and sex (for EDS: n = 23, 1.14 ± 0.14 g/cm² and z-score = 0.37; for SSc: n = 15, 0.98 ± 0.15 g/cm² and z-score = 0.20). EDS and SSc subjects had lower BMD of the femoral neck (FN) compared with controls (for EDS: 0.91 ± 0.13 g/cm², z-score =−0.41, P= 0.025; for SSc 0.67 ± 0.13 g/cm², z-score =−0.92, P= 0.006). Subjects with EDS and SSc also had lower BUA values (P= 0.051–0.001) compared with controls. After adjusting for body weight, height, and the level of physical activity, the difference in FN BMD between EDS or SSc and controls became marginal (EDS: P= 0.072; SSc: P= 0.086). However, the significant difference for BUA between subjects and controls remained for EDS (P= 0.008), and disappeared for SSc (0.70) after adjusting for weight, height, level of physical activity, and BMD. These results suggest that the abnormalities of collagen may impact on bone mass measurements differently depending on skeletal site, modality of the assessment, and the source and nature of collagen defects. To determine whether collagen properties influence QUS, proper models in vivo and in vitro should be used. Received: 1 June 1998 / Accepted: 1 November 1998     

The efficiency of performing ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy following mass screening for thyroid tumors to avoid unnecessary surgery

Thyroid masses are a common clinical finding, and their management remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of performing routine ultrasound (US) examinations and US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) in the management of diffuse or nodular goiter diagnosed by mass screening. Mass screening carried out from 1993 to 1996 revealed 444 women with goiter, 322 of whom had diffuse goiter and 122 had nodular goiter. All of these patients underwent US examination, the results of which determined that 169 should undergo US-FNAB to confirm an accurate diagnosis of their thyroid tumors. Histological examinations after surgical resection revealed that 12 of the 322 patients with diffuse goiter (3.7%) and 23 of the 122 with nodular goiter (18.9%) had malignant tumors. Among the 61 thyroid tumors surgically verified, US-FNAB yielded a sensitivity rate of 93%, a specificity rate of 81%, and an accuracy rate of 90%. Insufficient aspiration was obtained from 5%. Performing US-FNAB-resulted in an elevation in the percentage of malignant tumors yielded at surgery of up to 72%. Thus, ultrasonography followed by US-guided-FNAB could be a useful routine method of evaluating thyroid tumors detected by mass screening. Moreover, a greater number of unnecessary thyroid operations can be avoided by performing US-FNAB rather than FNAB alone.