尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物系统与急性髓细胞白血病关系的研究进展

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物系统（urokinase plasminogen activator system, uPAs）在急性髓细胞白血病（acute myelocytic leukemia, AML）发生、发展过程中的作用已成为当前临床研究关注的热点。尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（uPA）与其受体（uPAR, 又称CD87）结合促使纤溶酶原激活为纤溶酶,这一过程受到uPAs的两种主要抑制剂纤维蛋白溶酶原激活物抑制物（plasminogen activator inhibitor, PAI）PAI-1和PAI-2的调控。激活的纤溶酶一方面导致细胞外基质及基底膜的降解,另一方面增加基质金属蛋白酶原（Pro-matrix metalloproteinases, Pro-MMP）及生长因子（growth factor, GF）的激活,促进AML细胞髓外浸润、转移及增殖。并且uPAs作为纤溶系统的重要成分之一,其表达的上调导致纤溶亢进,增加AML患者发生出血的风险。本文对uPAs的结构及其在AML发生发展和治疗中的作用进行综述。     

Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers

Recent advancements in cancer research have led to some major breakthroughs; however, the impact on overall cancer-related death rate remains unacceptable, suggesting that further insight into tumor markers and development of targeted therapies is urgently needed. The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system represents a family of serine proteases that are involved in the degradation of basement membrane and the extracellular matrix, leading to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review, we have provided an overview of emerging data, from basic research as well as clinical studies, highlighting the evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in tumor progression. It is currently believed that the expression and activation of uPA plays an important role in tumorigenicity, and high endogenous levels of uPA and uPAR are associated with advanced metastatic cancers. The endogenous inhibitors of this system, PAI-1 and PAI-2, regulate uPA-uPAR activity by either direct inhibition or affecting cell surface expression and internalization. PAI-1's role in cancers is rather unusual; on one hand, it inhibits uPA-uPAR leading to inhibition of invasion and metastasis and on the other it has been reported to facilitate tumor growth and angiogenesis. Individual components of uPA/uPAR system are reported to be differentially expressed in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues and, thus, have the potential to be developed as prognostic and/or therapeutic targets. Therefore, this system represents a highly attractive target that warrants further in-depth studies. Such studies are likely to contribute towards the development of molecularly-driven targeted therapies in the near future.     

uPAR促进恶性脑膜瘤细胞的侵袭

目的探索脑膜瘤中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其受体(uPAR)表达水平与病理等级间关系;探索uPAR在恶性脑膜瘤中的功能及其机制。方法通过检测各等级脑膜瘤临床标本中uPAR和uPA表达水平,分析其表达量与病理等级间关系。通过体外实验干扰uPAR表达,观察恶性脑膜瘤细胞侵袭能力的变化,并检测细胞中侵袭相关因子MMP2、MMP9及E-cadherin的表达变化。结果临床标本中脑膜瘤病理等级越高uPAR和uPA的蛋白表达量也越高:在Ⅰ级脑膜瘤组织中均以弱阳性表达为主(uPA占73.30%,uPAR占66.66%);Ⅱ级脑膜瘤组织中均呈弱阳性(uPA占37.50%,uPAR占18.75%)、中阳性(uPA占37.50%,uPAR占43.75%)、强阳性(uPA占25.00%,uPAR占37.50%)均衡表达;Ⅲ级脑膜瘤组织中均以强阳性(uPA占66.6%,uPAR占83.33%)表达为主。干扰uPAR表达后,脑膜瘤细胞侵袭能力明显降低,细胞中侵袭相关因子MMP2、MMP9的蛋白表达也明显降低。结论 uPA-uPAR表达在脑膜瘤中,其表达量与脑膜瘤的恶性等级成正相关;uPAR对恶性脑膜瘤细胞有促侵袭功能,该功能可能通过调控MMP2和MMP9的表达来实现的。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂及其受体在肺癌中表达的定量研究及其意义

目的研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（uPA）及其受体（uPAR）在人肺癌中的表达及其与肺癌临床病理特征的关系。方法通过免疫组织化学方法检测101例肺癌组织及7例正常肺组织中uPA、uPAR的表达情况,利用CMIAS2000型多功能真彩病理图像分析系统测量计算各病例中uPA、uPAR蛋白阳性细胞的平均光密度（AOD）和积分光密度（IOD）。结果 uPA、uPAR在肺癌组织中表达的阳性率高于正常肺组织,二者在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的表达强于小细胞肺癌（SCLC）但均不具有显著性差异;二者在不同组织学类型、不同分期肺癌中的表达均不具有显著性差异;uPAR与肺癌分级呈显著正相关;uPA、uPAR与肺癌淋巴结转移密切相关,与合并分期显著正相关;二者之间均存在显著正相关关系。结论 uPA、uPAR参与肺癌侵袭转移,且二者具有协同作用。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活系统与卵巢恶性肿瘤

肿瘤的侵袭转移是一多步骤、多因素参与的极其复杂的过程,涉及肿瘤细胞粘附、分离、迁移、基底膜及细胞外基质降解、肿瘤新生血管生成等诸多方面,其中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活系统在卵巢恶性肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥了重要作用,现就尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活系统的相关研究概况及其进展作以综述。     

Decreased serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor in male adults with high-functioning autism

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of autism are currently unknown. Given the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in brain development, we hypothesized that HGF plays a role in the pathophysiology of autism. In this study, we studied whether serum HGF levels are altered in subjects with high-functioning autism. METHODS: Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we measured serum levels of HGF in 17 male adults with high-functioning autism and age-matched 18 male healthy subjects. RESULTS: The serum levels (503.5+/-160.5 pg/mL (mean+/-SD)) of HGF in the subjects with high-functioning autism were significantly (Mann-Whitney U=34.0, p<0.001) lower than those (817.6+/-232.4 pg/mL (mean+/-SD)) of control subjects. However, there were no correlations between serum HGF levels and clinical variables in the patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that reduced HGF levels may play a role in the pathophysiology of high-functioning autism.     

Leukemia inhibitory factor promote trophoblast invasion via urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related syndrome which can cause perinatal mortality and morbidity. Inadequate invasion by trophoblast cells may lead to poor perfusion of the placenta, even result in preeclampsia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying placentation facilitates the better intervention of preeclampsia. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is involved in the physiological and pathological processes. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is an important regulator in the establishment of pregnancy. However, the expression of uPAR in preeclamptic patients and its relationship with LIF remains unclear. In the current study, we found that the level of uPAR was relatively lower in the placentas from preeclamptic patients as compared with normal pregnant women. LIF promoted trophoblast cell outgrowth by upregulating uPAR in an explants culture, and LIF also enhanced migration and invasion potential through uPAR in trophoblast JAR and JEG-3 cell lines, and with increased gelatinolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). The effect of LIF and uPAR on trophoblast migration and invasion was mediated by PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our data indicates the roles of LIF in promoting trophoblast migration and invasion through uPAR and suggest that abnormal expression of uPAR might be associated with the etiology of preeclampsia.     

乳腺癌组织中uPA、uPAR及nm23-H1的表达

目的　观察乳腺癌组织中uPA、uPAR、nm2 3 H1的表达并探讨与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。方法　用免疫组化EnVi sion两步法检测 6 9例乳腺癌组织中uPA、uPAR和nm2 3 H1表达的分布情况 ,观察其与肿瘤的分化程度以及与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系。结果　 (1)uPA阳性表达定位于癌细胞胞质 ;uPAR和nm2 3 H1阳性表达定位于癌细胞胞膜及胞质 ,多数癌旁乳腺上皮细胞呈nm2 3 H1阳性表达 ;高分化乳腺癌 (Ⅰ级 )uPA和uPAR表达阳性率 (30 0 %和 2 5 0 %)低于中低分化乳腺癌 (Ⅱ、Ⅲ级 ) (分别为 6 8 1%、72 7%和 70 0 %、74 1%) (P <0 0 5 ) ;nm2 3 H1表达阳性率在乳腺癌组织不同分化程度间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 )腋窝淋巴结有转移者uPA和uPAR的表达阳性率 (73 2 %和 75 6 %)高于无淋巴结转移者 (35 7%和35 7%) (P <0 0 5 ) ;有腋窝淋巴结转移者nm2 3 H1的表达阳性率 (2 4 4 %)显著低于无淋巴结转移者 (5 0 0 %) (P <0 0 5 ) ;uPA、uPAR和nm2 3 H1的表达与淋巴结转移的个数均无关 ;(3)uPA阳性表达的癌组织其nm2 3 H1表达阳性率 (15 0 %)低于uPA阴性表达的癌组织 (6 2 1%) (P <0 0 5 )。结论　uPA和uPAR的高表达与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移密切相关 ;uPA、uPAR和nm2 3 H1可以作为乳腺癌侵袭与淋巴结转移的     

三氧化二砷对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞侵袭转移能力的影响

目的:探讨三氧化二砷(As2O3)对人卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3细胞侵袭转移能力及其对尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及尿激酶受体(uPAR)表达的影响。方法:采用0.5μmol/L、1μmol/L、2μmol/L 3种浓度的As2O3处理人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,48h后收集细胞,采用Transwell检测细胞的侵袭转移能力,实时定量PCR及免疫细胞化学方法检测uPA、uPAR mRNA及蛋白表达的变化。结果:经不同浓度As2O3处理的细胞,穿过模拟基底膜的数目逐步减少,As2O3明显抑制SKOV3细胞的侵袭转移能力(P<0.05);细胞uPA及uPARmRNA及蛋白表达水平与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05),其表达水平随着药物浓度的增加而降低。结论:As2O3可抑制卵巢癌细胞的侵袭转移能力,其机制可能与抑制uPA、uPAR的表达有关。