Pregastric stimulation and cholecystokinin are not sufficient for the meal size-intermeal interval correlation in the rat

Male albino rats with gastric fistula ate liquid food at the midpoints of the day or night phases of a 12:12 cycle after 3-hr food deprivation. During normal eating with fistula closed, rats (n=18) ate a mean meal size (MS) of 5.1 ml followed by a mean intermeal interval (IMI) of 67.2 min during the day, and rats (n=7) ate a MS of 3.0 ml followed by an IMI of 26.8 min at night. The MS and subsequent IMI correlated positively both in the day and night. When rats sham fed the first time with fistula open, the sham-fed MS was larger and IMI was shorter than were MS and IMI, respectively, when the fistula was closed during the night and day, and the MS-IMI correlation was absent in the day and night. When rats sham fed after intraperitoneal injection of 20% pure cholecystokinin (CCK) (day: 30 U/kg; night: 60 U/kg), sham-fed MS and IMI were not different from normal MS and IMI, respectively, when the fistula was closed during the night and day, but CCK failed to restore a normal MS-IMI correlation in the day or night. These results show that while certain food-contingent stimuli are potent for eliciting postprandial satiety including intermeal interval, preabsorptive pregastric stimuli and cholecystokinin may not be of major importance for the correlation between meal size and postprandial intermeal interval in the rat.     

早产低出生体重儿早期微量胃肠喂养的临床研究

目的 探讨早产低出生体重儿实施早期微量胃肠喂养成功的方法。方法 43例早产低出生体重儿中试验组23例给予早期微量胃肠喂养,对照组20例给予非早期、非微量胃肠喂养,比较恢复出生体重时间、达到足量胃肠喂养时间、住院时间、喂养不耐受发生率、恢复进食时间等指标。结果 两组患儿恢复出生体重时间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。试验组达到足量胃肠喂养时间、静脉营养时间和住院时间均短于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组喂养不耐受发生率接近,但试验组临床表现轻,再恢复进食时间短于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 早期微量胃肠喂养可早期达到足量胃肠喂考,篓置静多营养时间及住院时间,即使出现喂养不耐受程度也较轻,可较快恢复进食。仅以是否恢复出生体重来评价胃肠喂养效果具有一定的局限性。     

早期喂养方式对不同时期儿童体质量的影响

目的探讨早期婴儿喂养方式对儿童体质量的影响。方法选择儿保门诊健康婴儿918名,根据其出生后6个月的喂养方式分为母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组,在生后3,5,8,12,18,24,60个月测量体质量,进行年龄别体质量标准差评分(WAZ)、身长别体质量标准差评分(WHZ)及60月龄体质量指数(BMI)测定,调查辅食添加时间等资料,并进行分析和统计学处理。结果3月龄母乳喂养组儿童在体质量、WAZ、WHZ占优势,差异均有统计学意义(F=4.12,5.66,5.79Pa<0.05);12,18,24月龄混合喂养儿童在WHZ占优势,差异均有统计学意义(F=3.46,3.08,3.12Pa<0.05),母乳喂养持续时间≥12个月的儿童,5岁时肥胖发生率最低;婴儿期的母乳喂养持续时间越长,儿童5岁时肥胖发生率越低,趋势检验有统计学意义(χ2=17.3538P<0.05),辅食添加时间以人工喂养儿最早,人工喂养儿5岁时肥胖发生率也最高(χ2=13.0382P<0.05)。结论加强持续母乳喂养的信心,减少使用奶瓶,避免过早添加辅食,顺利度过因婴儿生长加速、母乳分泌量相对不足的短暂危机期,坚持持续母乳7个月以上,进行婴儿的合理喂养和适时添加辅食的教育等对避免儿童期肥胖的发生非常必要。     

Venous Sac and Feeding Artery Embolization versus Feeding Artery Embolization Alone for Treating Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Draining Vein Size Outcomes

PurposeTo investigate and compare venous sac and feeding artery embolization (VFE) with feeding artery embolization (FAE) alone for treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), based on difference in outcomes in decrease of the size of the draining vein.Materials and MethodsTwenty-six patients (7 male and 19 female; median age [interquartile range], 58 years [46–65 years]) with 42 simple PAVMs treated with coil embolization between August 2005 and December 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty PAVMs were treated with FAE early in the study period and compared with 22 PAVMs treated with VFE later in the study period. Follow-up computed tomography images obtained 8–20 months after embolotherapy were used for outcome analysis. Data related to patient demographics; follow-up period; baseline diameters of the feeding artery, venous sac, and draining vein; draining vein diameter after treatment; and decrease in the size of the draining vein, including the number reaching a threshold of 70% decrease, were compared between the 2 groups.ResultsThe draining vein decreased in size by a median of 46.4% in the FAE group and 66.3% in the VFE group, and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P = .009). There were no significant differences in the other parameters.ConclusionsVFE leads to a greater decrease in the size of the draining vein than FAE, suggesting that VFE results in more complete occlusion than FAE for treatment of PAVMs.     

Risk factors for development of dehydration in young children with acute watery diarrhoea: a case-control study

In a case-control study to understand the risk factors for development of life-threatening dehydration, a total of 379 children comprising 243 cases (moderate or severe dehydration) and 136 controls (non or mild dehydration) up to 2 years of age suffering from acute watery diarrhoea were studied. By univariate analysis, the presence of vibrios in stool, withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea, not giving fluids, including oral rehydration solution (ORS), during diarrhoea, frequent purging (> 8/ day), vomiting (> 2/day) and undernutrition were identified as risk factors. However, by multivariate analysis after controlling for confounders, withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea (odds ratio (OR) = 6.8, p < 0.00001) and not giving ORS during diarrhoea (OR = 2.1, p < 0.006) were identified as significant risk factors. The confounding variables which also contributed significantly to increasing the risk were age (≤ 12 months; OR = 2.7, p = 0.001), frequent purging (> 8/day; OR = 4.1, p < 0.00001), vomiting (> 2/day; OR = 2.4, p = 0.001) and severe undernutrition (%median <60 weight-for-age of Indian Academy of Paediatrics classification; OR = 3.1, p = 0.001). We feel that these findings will be useful for Global and National Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programmes for formulating intervention strategies for preventing death due to diarrhoeal dehydration.     

早产儿准备经口喂养评估量表对早产儿喂养不耐受的影响

目的探讨早产儿准备经口喂养评估量表对早产儿喂养不耐受的影响。方法将2016年6月至2017年9月入住中山市博爱医院新生儿科的60例早产儿,采用随机数字信封法分为对照组和观察组各30例。对照组给予常规早产儿治疗和护理及非营养性吸吮、口腔按摩及运动等干预措施,同时按照《早产儿低出生体重儿喂养建议》实施经口喂养;观察组给予常规护理及干预,并采用早产儿准备经口喂养评估量表对患儿经口喂养能力进行评估后经口喂养。观察比较两组患儿经口喂养不耐受的发生情况。结果观察组奶量不增或减少、呕吐、腹胀、胃潴留等喂养不耐受发生率低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论早产儿准备经口喂养评估量表可以指导医护人员正确评估并帮助早产儿尽早安全的经口喂养,降低早产儿经口喂养不耐受的发生率。     

慢性盆腔炎输卵管病理与IL-2 IL-6的关系

目的 :探讨慢性盆腔炎输卵管病理与其组织中IL - 2、IL - 6等细胞因子的关系。方法 :用混合菌接种法制作大鼠慢性盆腔炎动物模型 ,观察输卵管的病理变化 ,并以ELISA法检测其中IL - 2、IL - 6的含量。结果 :模型大鼠输卵管组织呈慢性炎症改变 ,IL - 2、IL - 6皆呈显著上升趋势。结论 :慢性盆腔炎及其继发不孕输卵管的病理改变与细胞因子IL - 2、IL - 6的升高有密切关系     

Anaesthetic agents and excretion in breast milk

This review is an update on anaesthetic agents and their excretion into breast milk; it presents the reported effects on suckling infants, and discusses the precautions which should be considered. For most anaesthetic agents, there is very sparse information about breast milk excretion and even less published knowledge about the possible effects on the suckling infant. Generally, when an anaesthetic agent is given on a single–dose basis, there is no evidence that it is excreted in breast milk in clinically significant amounts, even if there are detectable concentrations of the drug in the milk. Most anaesthetics are rapidly cleared from the mother, and, consequently, it should be possible to allow suckling as soon as practically feasible after surgery. However, repeated administration of certain opiates and benzodiazepines has been reported to cause adverse effects in neonates, with premature neonates apparently being more susceptible. Thus, in long–term treatment with these drugs, the importance of uninterrupted breast feeding should be assessed against possible adverse drug effects in the neonate.