Hepatoprotective effect of tempol on oxidative toxic stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats

Tempol is a synthetic antioxidant. Since many studies revealed the protective effect of antioxidants on liver, current study was performed to assess the hepatoprotective effects of tempol on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose, oxidative toxic stress (OTS) biomarkers and liver enzymes were measured. Findings showed that tempol significantly decreased serum levels of glucose in tempol treated group. Also treatment with tempol significantly reduced AST and ALT compared to diabetic control group (p?相似文献   

Emerging Understanding of Roles for Arterioles in Inflammation

Arterioles, capillaries, and venules all actively change their cellular functions and phenotypes during inflammation in ways that are essential for maintenance of homeostasis and self‐defense, and are also associated with many inflammatory disorders. ECs, together with pericytes and ECM proteins, can regulate blood flow, the coagulation cascade, fluid and solute exchange, and leukocyte trafficking. While capillary and venular functions in inflammation are well characterized, the arteriolar contribution to inflammation has only recently come into focus. Arterioles differ from venules in structure, EC morphology, shear environment, expression, and distribution of surface ligands; hence, regulation and function of arteriolar wall cells during inflammation may also be distinct from venules. Recent work indicates that in response to proinflammatory stimuli, arterioles alter barrier function, and support leukocyte and platelet interactions through upregulation of adhesion molecules. This suggests that in addition to their role in blood flow regulation, arterioles may also participate in inflammatory responses. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that characterize arteriolar responses to proinflammatory stimuli. We will detail how distinct arteriolar features contribute to regulation of barrier function and leukocyte–EC interactions in inflammation, and further highlight the potential priming effects of arteriolar responses on venular function and progression of inflammatory responses.     

Combining formulation and process aspects for optimizing the high-shear wet granulation of common drugs

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of some important drug properties (such as particle size distribution, hygroscopicity and solubility) and process variables on the granule growth behaviour and final drug distribution in high shear wet granulation. Results have been analyzed in the light of widely accepted theories and some recently developed approaches.A mixture composed of drug, some excipients and a dry binder was processed using a lab-scale high-shear mixer. Three common active pharmaceutical ingredients (paracetamol, caffeine and acetylsalicylic acid) were used within the initial formulation. Drug load was 50% (on weight basis).Influences of drug particle properties (e.g. particle size and shape, hygroscopicity) on the granule growth behaviour were evaluated. Particle size distribution (PSD) and granule morphology were monitored during the entire process through sieve analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis. Resistance of the wet mass to mixing was furthermore measured using the impeller torque monitoring technique. The observed differences in the granule growth behaviour as well as the discrepancies between the actual and the ideal drug content in the final granules have been interpreted in terms of dimensionless quantity (spray flux number, bed penetration time) and related to torque measurements. Analysis highlighted the role of liquid distribution on the process. It was demonstrated that where the liquid penetration time was higher (e.g. paracetamol-based formulations), the liquid distribution was poorer leading to retarded granule growth and selective agglomeration. On the other hand where penetration time was lower (e.g. acetylsalicylic acid-based formulations), the growth was much faster but uniformity content problem arose because of the onset of crushing and layering phenomena.     

PPE25蛋白在分枝杆菌感染中性粒细胞中的作用

目的 研究PPE25蛋白在耻垢分枝杆菌（M.smegmatis，MS）感染中性粒细胞（polymorphonuclear neutrophil，PMN）时所起的作用。方法 利用异源表达结核分枝杆菌（M.tuberculosis, Mtb）PPE25蛋白的重组MS（MS-ppe25组）感染人PMN，以空载体MS（MS-vec组）为对照菌，观察2种MS的菌落形成、单菌落大小、生长曲线，以了解PPE25蛋白对MS生长的影响；PMN感染MS后，以菌落形成单位(colony forming unit，CFU)计数了解细菌活力的变化；检测乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase，LDH）释放百分比，以观察重组MS对PMN死亡的影响，流式细胞仪检测活性氧（reactive oxygen species, ROS），硝酸还原酶法检测一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）水平，ELISA检测细胞因子白细胞介素（IL）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的变化，分析PPE25蛋白在MS感染PMN中的作用。结果 PPE25蛋白对MS生长、菌落形成及单菌落大小无影响； MS感染PMN 2、6、12 h，MS-ppe25组CFU、LDH释放百分比均高于MS-vec组，两组LDH释放百分比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；MS感染PMN细胞后2 h， MS-vec组ROS、NO水平较MS-ppe25组高（P<0.01）； MS-ppe25组PMN细胞表达的TNF-α各时点均高于对照组（P<0.01），IL-1β在MS感染6 h后均高于对照组（P<0.01）。结论 PPE25蛋白能增加MS在PMN内的生存、诱导细胞坏死、抑制ROS和NO的表达，改变细胞因子的分泌，有利于病原体的播散及逃避宿主免疫。     

Recurrent cytomegalovirus colitis with megacolon in an immunocompetent elderly man

Gastrointestinal infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is uncommon in immunocompetent hosts. The case of a 70‐year‐old male with CMV colitis, who has no history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease or immunodeficiency is described. Diagnosis was aided by the identification of inclusion bodies that reacted positively for CMV by immunohistochemical testing in biopsy specimens from the colonic mucosa. His hospital course was characterized by poor improvement of his symptoms after the CMV infection was treated with ganciclovir, and the occurrence of megacolon. A repeat colonoscopy with biopsy revealed a recurrence of the CMV infection. Although CMV colitis is common in immunocompromised patients, we believe this is the first case of CMV colitis with megacolon and recurrent CMV infection in an immunocompetent patient. Colitis caused by CMV colitis should be considered in elderly people with diarrhea. J. Med. Virol. 82:638–641, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Development of new wound dressing composed of spongy collagen sheet containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP

Al though cyclic AMP has been considered to regulate cell proliferation, the mechanism of this function is largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that cyclic AMP promotes the proliferation of skin cells in a dose-dependent manner. An ointment containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP has been used in the treatment of skin ulcers and found to be effective in promoting tissue repair. To search more efficacious wound management, the authors developed a new wound dressing composed of a spongy atelo-collagen sheet containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP. This wound dressing was evaluated in two types of animal tests. One is the application of the wound dressing to a full-thickness skin defect in order to evaluate the granulation tissue formation and the wound size reduction. The wound dressing was found to promote the granulation tissue formation and naturally reduce the wound size. The other test was the application of the wound dressing to the full-thickness skin defect, leaving behind a skin island in a central portion, in order to evaluate the epithelialization. This skin island left in a full-thickness skin defect was extremely enlarged. The enlargement of the skin island seems to be related to the epithelialization from the margin of the skin island as well as by the expansion of a skin island induced by contraction of the developed granulation tissue in the surrounding wound area. These results suggest that an atelo-collagen spongy sheet containing dibutyryl cyclic AMP is effective in promoting the granulation tissue formation and epithelialization.