基于经筋理论刃针治疗颈源性耳鸣临床疗效的随机对照研究

背景　颈源性耳鸣处于耳鼻喉科和康复科交界区域,临床上易被忽视,或常被误诊为神经性耳鸣。制定行而有效的颈源性耳鸣治疗方法具有重要现实意义。针灸是常用的治疗方法,但临床上关于刃针治疗颈源性耳鸣的研究较少。目的　探讨经筋理论下刃针治疗颈源性耳鸣的临床疗效。方法　选取2017年7月-2018年7月广州中医药大学顺德医院收治的60例颈源性耳鸣患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,各30例。对照组予普通针刺治疗,观察组给予刃针治疗,两组均治疗15 d。观察治疗前后两组患者的临床疗效、Northwick Park颈痛量表（NPQ）评分、耳鸣致残量表（THI）评分及耳鸣严重程度评估量表（TSIS）评分。结果　治疗后,对照组痊愈4例、显效7例、有效13例、无效6例,观察组痊愈7例、显效12例、有效9例、无效2例,观察组临床疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.084,P=0.037）。治疗前,两组患者的NPQ评分、THI评分及TSIS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后,观察组NPQ评分、THI评分及TSIS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　基于经筋理论的刃针疗法能缓解颈源性耳鸣患者的颈痛症状和耳鸣程度,疗效优于普通针刺疗法。     

Anatomic guide and sonography for surgical repair of leg muscle lacerations

Background

There were over 110,000 leg laceration cases reported in the United States in 2011. Currently, muscle laceration is repaired by suturing epimysium to epimysium. Tendon-to-tendon repair is stronger, restores the muscle's resting length, and leads to a better functional recovery. Tendons retract into the muscle belly following laceration and surgeons have a difficult time finding them. Many surgeons are unfamiliar with leg muscle anatomy and the fact that the leg muscles have long intramuscular tendons that are not visible in situ. A surgical anatomic guide exists to help surgeons locate forearm tendons; no such guide exists for tendons in the leg.

Materials and methods

The leg tendon ends of 11 cadavers were dissected, measured, and recorded as percentages of leg length. High-frequency ultrasound was used to locate tendon ends in three additional cadavers. These locations were compared with the actual tendon ends located via dissection.

Results

There was little variation in tendon end position within the cadaver group, between men and women or right and left legs. The data are presented as an anatomic guide to inform surgeons of the tendon ends' likely locations in the leg.

Conclusion

The location of leg intramuscular tendon ends is predictable and the anatomic guide will help surgeons locate tendon ends and perform tendon-to-tendon repairs. Ultrasound is a potentially effective tool for detection of accurate location of repairable tendon ends in leg muscle lacerations.     

Gap junction protein expression and cellularity: comparison of immature and adult equine digital tendons

Injury to the energy-storing superficial digital flexor tendon is common in equine athletes and is age-related. Tenocytes in the superficial digital flexor tendon of adult horses appear to have limited ability to respond adaptively to exercise or prevent the accumulation of strain-induced microdamage. It has been suggested that conditioning exercise should be introduced during the growth period, when tenocytes may be more responsive to increased quantities or intensities of mechanical strain. Tenocytes are linked into networks by gap junctions that allow coordination of synthetic activity and facilitate strain-induced collagen synthesis. We hypothesised that there are reductions in cellular expression of the gap junction proteins connexin (Cx) 43 and 32 during maturation and ageing of the superficial digital flexor tendon that do not occur in the non-injury-prone common digital extensor tendon. Cryosections from the superficial digital flexor tendon and common digital extensor tendon of 5 fetuses, 5 foals (1-6 months), 5 young adults (2-7 years) and 5 old horses (18-33 years) were immunofluorescently labelled and quantitative confocal laser microscopy was performed. Expression of Cx43 and Cx32 protein per tenocyte was significantly higher in the fetal group compared with all other age groups in both tendons. The density of tenocytes was found to be highest in immature tissue. Higher levels of cellularity and connexin protein expression in immature tendons are likely to relate to requirements for tissue remodelling and growth. However, if further studies demonstrate that this correlates with greater gap junctional communication efficiency and synthetic responsiveness to mechanical strain in immature compared with adult tendons, it could support the concept of early introduction of controlled exercise as a means of increasing resistance to later injury.     

关节镜下一期自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下一期应用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法自2009-02—2010-06对14例膝关节前、后交叉韧带断裂及严重膝关节脱位患者在关节镜下一期采用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带,同时处理合并的侧副韧带及半月板损伤。末次随访时采用膝关节Lysholm评分、IKDC评分评定疗效。结果术后14例均获随访23~36个月,平均29.5个月。均无膝关节肿痛症状、感染、伸膝障碍发生。末次随访时,膝关节屈曲达120°~130°;膝关节IKDC评分：A类11例（78.6%）,B类2例（14.3%）,C类1例（7.1%）;膝关节Lysholm评分（89.2±4.6）分,较术前（54.7±5.3）分明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=32.156,P=8.91E-14）。结论关节镜下一期应用自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带联合LARS人工韧带重建后交叉韧带治疗膝关节多韧带损伤临床疗效满意。     

鹿筋胶原对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用

目的：研究鹿筋胶原对大鼠佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用。方法：以完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)诱导的Wistar雄性大鼠佐剂性关节炎(AA)为研究对象,观察经鹿筋胶原治疗前后的足趾肿胀度、体重、血清中的IL-lβ和TNF-a炎性细胞因子、血清中的MDA含量和SOD活力。结果：鹿筋胶原可显著抑制AA大鼠原、继发性足肿胀度,抑制AA大鼠炎性细胞因子IL-lβ和TNF-a分泌,增强SOD活性,降低MDA含量。结论：鹿筋胶原对弗氏佐剂诱导的大鼠佐剂性关节炎有明显的治疗作用。     

Low risk of thromboembolic complications after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty

Background and purpose Pharmacological prophylaxis can reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and death, and it is recommended 10–35 days after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and at least 10 days after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, early mobilization might also reduce the risk of DVT and thereby the need for prolonged prophylaxis, but this has not been considered in the previous literature. Here we report our results with short-duration pharmacological prophylaxis combined with early mobilization and reduced hospitalization.

Patients and methods 1,977 consecutive, unselected patients were operated with primary THA, TKA, or bilateral simultaneous TKA (BSTKA) in a well-described standardized fast-track set-up from 2004–2008. Patients received DVT prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin starting 6–8 h after surgery until discharge. All re-admissions and deaths within 30 and 90 days were analyzed using the national health register, concentrating especially on clinical DVT (confirmed by ultrasound and elevated D-dimer), PE, or sudden death. Numbers were correlated to days of prophylaxis (LOS).

Results The mean LOS decreased from 7.3 days in 2004 to 3.1 days in 2008. 3 deaths (0.15%) were associated with clotting episodes and overall, 11 clinical DVTs (0.56%) and 6 PEs (0.30%) were found. The vast majority of events took place within 30 days; only 1 death and 2 DVTs occurred between 30 and 90 days. During the last 2 years (854 patients), when patients were mobilized within 4 h postoperatively and the duration of DVT prophylaxis was shortest (1–4 days), the mortality was 0% (95% CI: 0–0.5). Incident cases of DVT in TKA was 0.60% (CI: 0.2–2.2), in THA it was 0.51% (CI: 0.1–1.8), and in BSTKA it was 0% (CI: 0–2.9). Incident cases of PE in TKA was 0.30% (CI: 0.1–1.7), in THA it was 0% (CI: 0–1.0), and in BSTKA it was 0% (CI: 0–2.9).

Interpretation The risk of clinical DVT, and of fatal and non-fatal PE after THA and TKA following a fast-track set-up with early mobilization, short hospitalization, and short duration of DVT prophylaxis compares favorably with published regimens with extended prophylaxis (up to 36 days) and hospitalization up to 11 days. This calls for a reconsideration of optimal duration of chemical thromboprophylaxis.     

Biomechanical responses of different rat tendons to nandrolone decanoate and load exercise

Androgenic‐anabolic steroids (AAS) have been associated with an increased incidence of tendon rupture. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of the rat calcaneal tendon (CT), superficial flexor tendon (SFT), and deep flexor tendon (DFT), and to determine the effect of jump training in association with AAS. Animals were separated into four groups: sedentary, trained, AAS‐treated sedentary rats (AAS), and AAS‐treated and trained animals. Mechanical testing showed that the CT differed from the DFT and SFT, which showed similar mechanical properties. Jump caused the CT to exhibit an extended toe region, an increased resistance to tensional load, and a decreased elastic modulus, characteristics of an elastic tendon capable of storing energy. AAS caused the tendons to be less compliant, and the effects were reinforced by simultaneous training. The DFT was the most affected by training, AAS, and the interaction of both, likely because of its involvement in the toe‐off step of jumping, which we suggest is related to the rapid transmission of force as opposed to energy storage. In conclusion, tendons are differently adapted to exercise, but responded equally to AAS, showing reduced flexibility, which is suggested to increase the risk of tendon rupture in AAS consumers.     

Radiographic diagnosis of rotator cuff tear based on the supraspinatus muscle radiodensity

Objective. To evaluate the supraspinatus muscle radiodensity on the outlet view as an indication of a tendon tear. Design and patients. Plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were obtained on both shoulders of 40 subjects aged 23–70 years, including 13 asymptomatic volunteers and 27 patients. Two readers analyzed the superior contour and the heterogeneity of the supraspinatus muscle radiodensity and compared them with the MRI findings. Results and conclusion. Significant concordances (P<0.001) were found between the assessments of the superior contour and the heterogeneity of the muscle radiodensity, respectively, on plain radiographs and MR images. For the diagnosis of a full-thickness tear, the analysis of the superior contour and the heterogeneity of the muscle radiodensity reached an accuracy of 85% and 80% respectively. Stepwise discriminant analyses showed low to moderate benefit of considering the contour and the heterogeneity simultaneously. The inter- and intraobserver agreement ranged from moderate to good. We conclude that on the outlet view, modifications in the superior contour and heterogeneity of the supraspinatus muscle radiodensity suggest a full-thickness tear. Received: 6 December 1999 Revision requested: 6 March 2000 Revision received: 5 June 2000 Accepted: 4 October 2000     

"定骨舒筋"用于髌骨骨折早期康复的临床研究

目的观察"定骨舒筋"手法用于髌骨闭合性骨折早期康复的疗效。方法60例伤后半个月的病例,对照组30例在夹板固定下行股四头肌收缩活动;治疗组30例去除夹板,用手法对骨折端进行有效的固定而进行主动和被动的关节活动。结果治疗组平均愈合时间4.33周,比对照组明显缩短(P<0.01),膝关节活动度比对照组明显提高(1个月P<0.01;2个月P<0.05),3个月膝关节功能积分优级率比对照组高(P<0.05)。结论"定骨舒筋"对骨折的提前愈合和关节的尽早恢复具有良好的临床疗效。     

The role of vasculature and angiogenesis for the pathogenesis of degenerative tendons disease

More than 100 years ago Wilhelm Roux (1895) introduced the term "functional adaptation to anatomy and physiology". Compared with other organ systems the functional adaptation processes are best identifiable in the locomotor system, like for example in the two types of tendons: traction and gliding tendons. Traction tendons are tendons where the direction of pull is in line with the direction of the muscle (e.g. Achilles tendon). Gliding tendons (e.g. tibialis posterior tendon) change direction by turning around a bony or fibrous hypomochlion. In this region the tendon is subjected to intermittent compressive and shear forces and the extracellular matrix consists of avascular fibrocartilage. Avascularity is considered to be a key factor for the etiology of degenerative tendon disease. The repair capability after repetitive microtrauma is strongly compromised in avascular tissue of gliding tendons. Reduced vascularity is not a specific feature of gliding tendons; several studies have shown that the number and size of blood vessels are largely shortened in the waist of the Achilles tendon. However, histological biopsies from degenerated Achilles tendons and Doppler flow examinations revealed a high blood vessel density in patients with degenerative tendon disease. Angiogenesis is mediated by angiogenic factors and recent studies have shown that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is highly expressed in degenerative Achilles tendons, whereas VEGF expression is nearly completely downregulated in healthy tendons. Several factors are able to upregulate VEGF expression in tenocytes: hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines and mechanical load. Since VEGF has the potential to stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibit the expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in various cell types (e.g. endothelial cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes), this cytokine might play a significant role for the pathogenetic processes during degenerative tendon disease. An animal experiment in the rabbit has shown that local injection of VEGF reduced the material properties of the Achilles tendon. These experimental findings are in accordance with clinical results that a locally administered (in the area with neovascularization) sclerosing drug (Polidocanol) has a beneficial effect on chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinosis. In conclusion, decreased and increased vascularity might be involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative Achilles tendon disease.