How Do Students Source and Supply Drugs? Characteristics of the University Illegal Drug Trade

Background: It is widely known that a proportion of university students use drugs. However, much less is known about how they source and supply their drugs. Objectives: In this article, we investigate student drug trading activity, including how they obtained their drugs, whether they sold drugs, and the extent to which their drug trading might be described as a form of “social supply”. Methods: A survey was conducted of all students across seven of the nine universities of Wales. In total, 7855 students submitted a questionnaire and 1877 of these reported drug use in the current academic year. All students who reported using one or more illegal drugs in the current academic year were asked how they obtained their drugs, how they funded their drug use, whether they had sold, traded or given away illegal drugs, along with their motives for drug trading. Results: The results showed that about half of users obtained drugs solely from friends and associates and one-fifth obtained them solely from external dealers. One-quarter used friends and associates as well as external markets. In many cases, supplying drugs amounted to sharing them or giving them away. However, over one-third of students said that they had sold drugs. Conclusions: Overall, the methods of sourcing and supplying drug among university students shares features of both “social supply” and “traditional” drug markets. We conclude that the student drug market investigated is best described as a “hybrid” combination of both.     

儿童外科教学方法实践及探讨

目的探讨儿童外科的教学特点及教学方法,提高儿外科医生的总体执业水平,促进儿童外科学的发展。方法通过分析四川大学华西医院多年儿童外科疾病的临床教学实践经验,总结出适合医学生、初级儿童外科专科医生的实用的教学方法及经验。结果结合儿童外科特有的疾病特点所总结出的故事式讲述教学、典型病例教学、漫画形式学习、比较学习法及多媒体素材教学五种方式是非常适合儿童外科教学的方法。能够加深记忆,提高兴趣,轻松快捷,事半功倍的掌握相关医学专业知识。结论独特有趣的儿童外科教学方法可提高医学生及儿童外科初级从业者的学习兴趣、专业知识和执业水平。     

浦东新区某社区小学生超重肥胖现状及营养知识和饮食行为的调查研究*

目的了解上海市浦东新区小学生超重肥胖的现状以及学生的营养知识、态度和饮食行为,为开展学生营养知识宣传与相关行为干预提供依据。方法按照分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取浦东新区6 824名小学生测量身高和体重;随机整群抽取1 122名小学生和家长进行有关的问卷调查,剔除不合格问卷,获得有效问卷1 089份,有效率为97.1%。结果浦东新区小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别为22.0%和10.7%,总超重率为32.7%,其中男生超重、肥胖检出率为24.5%和13.2%,总超重肥胖率为37.8%,女生超重、肥胖检出率为19.0%和7.7%,总超重率为26.7%,男生超重率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=30.111,P0.01),男生肥胖率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=55.004,P0.01)。全体学生的营养知识水平偏低,平均得分为(4.68±1.166)分,学生对合理膳食的基本要求、钙元素和维生素C的良好来源等知识掌握比较好,但对于相对专业的营养知识掌握较差。学生对零食、饮料的食用频率较高,1周吃8～14次分别达到10.1%和10.6%,豆类食用频率相对较少。结论上海市浦东新区小学生超重及肥胖检出率已超过全国平均水平,小学生整体的营养知识水平不高,零食、饮料和油炸烧烤等食品食用频率较高。针对这些问题,应结合当地的实际情况积极采取各项措施,培养科学合理的饮食行为。     

循经冥想训练干预大学生抑郁情绪的效果分析

背景　现有研究表明，抑郁是影响大学生心理健康的重要原因之一。因此，有必要采取有效的方法干预大学生抑郁情绪。目的　探究循经冥想训练干预大学生抑郁情绪的效果。方法　2018年4月，在以循经冥想课题组的名义招募的某大学本科生中，发放抑郁自评量表（SDS），筛选出自愿接受循经冥想训练的60人。根据受试者性别比例，采用随机数字表法随机分为循冥组和静息组。其中循冥组30人进行4周循经冥想训练，在开始循经冥想训练前和循经冥想训练结束后填写SDS并进行E-prime情绪图片评价任务。静息组30人进行静息训练，其余与循经冥想组相同。比较两组前测、后测及前后测差值有无差异。结果　两组前测积极、中性、消极情绪图片评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；两组后测积极、中性、消极情绪图片评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；两组积极、中性、消极情绪图片评分前测与后测差值比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。静息组前测与后测积极、中性、消极情绪图片评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。循冥组后测积极情绪图片评分低于前测、消极情绪图片评分高于前测（P<0.05）。两组前测SDS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。循冥组后测SDS评分低于静息组，SDS评分前测与后测差值高于静息组（P<0.05）。循冥组和静息组后测SDS评分均低于前测（P<0.05）。结论　循经冥想能降低大学生抑郁水平，可能是由于其能够改变人的情绪认知评价和睡眠质量，使人变得平和。     

刍议研究生科学道德和学风教育质量管理体系之构建

研究生科学道德和学风建设是学位与研究生教育的重要组成部分。针对近年来科学研究和学术活动中各种违背科学道德和学术规范的行为时有发生,国家教育部对研究生科学道德和学风建设日益重视,因此构建研究生的科学道德和学风教育质量管理体系具有十分重要的意义。实现研究生科学道德和学风教育质量体系的方针和目标需具备三个要素,即教育实践的模式(集主题教育、方法学习、学术实践三位一体)、有效性评价机制和绩效考核机制。此外,尚需建立体系优化机制,以适应各种内外部因素的变化,保持体系的更新和优化。     

广东高校贫困大学生心理健康状况调查与思考

目的了解广东高校贫困生心理健康状况并提出相应建议。方法用康奈尔医学指数（CMI）及社会支持评定量表，对广东省5所高校500名学生进行了问卷调查，并采用SPSS11．0进行相关统计和分析。结果贫困大学生的心理健康状况在某些方面存在不足，在性别、地域来源等有差异。结论高校应重视贫困大学生的心理健康状况，加强情感引导，尤其不能忽视对女贫困大学生的关注和帮助。     

Introducing dental students to clinical patient care: The complete denture prosthodontics transition clinic

Using complete denture treatment as an introduction to clinical patient care for dental students, the purposes of the Complete Denture Prosthodontics Transition Clinic at the University of Colorado School of Dentistry are to reduce the time lapse between the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course and the first denture patient experience, and to encourage development of student self-confidence and skills. In the 2002 spring semester, faculty at the University of Colorado School of Dentistry initiated the Complete Denture Prosthodontics Transition Clinic for DS-II (second-year) dental students, as an introduction to clinical patient care. Each patient was assigned to a team of two dental students. Three Division of Prosthodontics faculty members staffed each clinic session, providing a student-to-faculty ratio of approximately 6.6:1 and a patient-to-faculty ratio of approximately 3.3:1. All DS-II students in the Class of 2004 delivered their first complete dentures no later than 8 months (average, 184 days) after the last day of the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course. The time from the diagnostic appointment through the denture placement appointment averaged 39 days for patients treated in this program, compared with an average of 98 days or more for previous classes. The program was successful in achieving the goal of reducing the time lapse between the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course and the first denture patient experience.     

医学生抑郁情绪与家庭及生活事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨医学专业大学生抑郁情绪与家庭及生活事件的相关性，为早期干预提供科学理论依据。方法 采用自拟量表对482名医学专业在校大学生调查，并做影响因素分析。结果 大学生无抑郁或极轻微192人占39．8％；轻度209人占43．4％；中度58人占12％；重度23人占4．8％。生源地、父亲文化程度、专业满意度、人际关系的敏感、学习压力的大小、丧失因子、受惩罚因子和健康适应因子对大学生抑郁情绪的产生有显著影响，而性别、家庭类型和经济情况对医学专业大学生抑郁情绪产生关系不大（P〉0．05）。结论 要重视学生中存在的抑郁情绪问题，采取积极有效措施帮助学生消除抑郁情绪。     

Rates of alcohol consumption and risk status among Australian university students vary by assessment questions

Introduction and Aims. Different self‐report methods tend to produce different estimates of alcohol consumption. The present study compares differences in rates and risk levels based on responses to a modified version of the Daily Drinking Questionnaire (m‐DDQ) and quantity‐frequency (QF) questions. Design and Methods. The sample comprised 2082 university students, 61% of whom were female and 39% male with a mean age of 23.5 years. An email containing an online link to a brief six‐question survey was emailed to students enrolled in participating faculties at the University of Wollongong, Australia. Current drinkers completed m‐DDQ and QF questions about alcohol consumption. Results. QF methods identified significantly lower estimates of consumption (Mean = 9.15, SD = 12.51) compared with m‐DDQ (Mean = 13.06, SD = 14.07). Allocation to risk categories based on the Australian Alcohol Guidelines were conducted for both the m‐DDQ and QF methods. Almost twice as many students were found to be drinking at levels considered risky using the m‐DDQ method compared with QF. In addition, the relative rank order of participants varied significantly between the two methods. Discussion and Conclusions. The m‐DDQ method identified higher rates of drinking and categorised almost twice as many individuals into risky categories of drinking compared with QF. Such variations have major implications for identification of risk groups in health promotion or prevention programs.[Utpala‐Kumar R, Deane FP. Rates of alcohol consumption and risk status among Australian university students vary by assessment questions. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]