Transitional care for patients with acute stroke—A priority‐setting project

BackgroundThe scope of this priority‐setting process is communication and collaboration in transitional care for patients with acute stroke. Actively involving persons with stroke and their family caregivers is important both in transitional care and when setting priorities for research. Established priority‐setting methods are time‐consuming and require extensive resources. They are therefore not feasible in small‐scale research. This article describes a pragmatic priority‐setting process to identify a prioritized top 10 list of research needs regarding transitional care for patients with acute stroke.MethodsA pragmatic priority‐setting approach inspired by the James Lind Alliance was developed. It involves establishing a user group, identifying the research needs through an online survey, analysing and checking the research needs against systematic reviews, culminating in an online prioritization of the top 10 list.ResultsThe process was completed in 7 months. A total of 122 patients, family caregivers, health personnel and caseworkers submitted 484 research needs, and 19 users prioritized the top 10 list. The list includes the categories ‘patients and caregivers’ needs and health literacy’, ‘health personnel''s common understanding’, ‘information flow between health personnel and patients and caregivers’, ‘available interventions and follow‐up of patients and caregivers’, ‘interaction and collaboration between health personnel and caseworkers across hospital and primary healthcare’ and ‘disabilities after stroke’.ConclusionThis paper outlines a pragmatic approach to identifying and prioritizing users'' research needs that was completed in 7 months. The top 10 list resulting from this priority setting process can guide future research relating to communication and collaboration during the transition from hospital to the community for patients with stroke.Patient and Public ContributionMembers of three stroke organizations participated in the advisory group. They gave feedback on the scope and the process, distributed the surveys and prioritized the top 10 list. Persons with stroke and their caregivers submitted research needs in the survey.     

经皮耳迷走神经电刺激对缺血性卒中患者的康复疗效观察

目的探讨不同频率的经皮耳迷走神经电刺激（transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, taVNS）结合康复运动对缺血性卒中患者康复疗效的影响。 方法选取2023年6月—10月同济大学附属养志康复医院神经内科收治的80例缺血性脑卒中后伴上肢偏瘫患者,随机分为taVNS 0Hz（n=20）、taVNS 30Hz组（n=20）、taVNS 300Hz组（n=20）、taVNS 3000Hz（n=20）组,4组均接受常规康复训练,同时增加不同频率的taVNS刺激,根据患者耐受情况调整ta-VNS治疗强度,每次30min,每日1次,连续治疗14d。在假刺激组中,只夹电极但不给与刺激。分别记录治疗前、治疗30d、治疗45d后简式Fugl-Meyer（FMA）运动功能评分。 结果治疗前4组FMA评分无显著差异（F=0.195,P=0.900）;重复测量方差分析结果显示,治疗30d及45d后,4组FMA评分均较治疗前显著提高（P＜0.001）,同时taVNS 300Hz组治疗45d后的FMA评分最优（48.81±20.30）;不同治疗方案在治疗30d前后、治疗45d前后FMA指标的差值均具有差异（P＜0.001）,其中taVNS 300Hz组治疗45d前后的FMA评分差值最大（9.81±1.69）,具有临床意义。 结论taVNS结合康复运动能促进缺血性卒中患者的运动功能康复,taVNS 300Hz治疗组效果最优。     

Nose to brain delivery of melatonin lipidic nanocapsules as a promising post-ischemic neuroprotective therapeutic modality

Ischemic stroke accounts for about 87% of all strokes, causing long-term disability in adults, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In search of new therapeutic modalities, the use of neuroprotective agents loaded in nanocarriers to be delivered by noninvasive means (i.e. via intranasal route) became a popular approach. In the current study, melatonin (MEL) was loaded in lipidic nanocapsules (LNCs) prepared using the phase inversion method, and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, viscosity, storage stability, and ex vivo permeation across sheep nasal mucosa. Moreover, MEL-LNCs were tested for efficacy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R/) injury model through histopathological assessment, and analysis of oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptotic markers. Results showed that LNCs exhibited particle size ranging from 18.26 to 109.8 nm, negative zeta potential, good storage stability, spherical morphology, and a burst release followed by a sustained release pattern. LNCs exhibited 10.35 folds higher permeation of MEL than the drug solution across sheep nasal mucosa. Post-ischemic intranasal administration of MEL-LNCs revealed lowering of oxidative stress manifested by a decrease in malondialdehyde levels, and elevation of glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels, lowering of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-α, NO, myeloperoxidase, and significant inhibition of Caspase-3 activity as an apoptotic marker. Western blot analysis delineated a recovery of protein expression Nrf-2 and HO-1 with downregulation in the parent inflammatory markers nuclear factor kappa B p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bax, and Cytochrome C expressions, and upregulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 Bcl-2, hence promoting neuronal survival. This was supported by histological evidence, revealing significant restoration of hippocampal neurons. In light of the above, it can be concluded that MEL-LNCs could be a promising delivery system for nose to brain delivery for treatment of cerebral ischemia.     

Cerebral Complications of Snakebite Envenoming: Case Studies

There are an estimated 5.4 million snakebite cases every year. People with snakebite envenoming suffer from severe complications, or even death. Although some review articles cover several topics of snakebite envenoming, a review of the cases regarding cerebral complications, especially rare syndromes, is lacking. Here, we overview 35 cases of snakebite by front-fanged snakes, including Bothrops, Daboia, Cerastes, Deinagkistrodon, Trimeresurus, and Crotalus in the Viperidae family; Bungarus and Naja in the Elapidae family, and Homoroselaps (rare cases) in the Lamprophiidae family. We also review three rare cases of snakebite by rear-fanged snakes, including Oxybelis and Leptodeira in the Colubridae family. In the cases of viper bites, most patients (17/24) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, leading to six deaths. We then discuss the potential underlying molecular mechanisms that cause these complications. In cases of elapid bites, neural, cardiac, and ophthalmic disorders are the main complications. Due to the small amount of venom injection and the inability to deep bite, all the rear-fanged snakebites did not develop any severe complications. To date, antivenom (AV) is the most effective therapy for snakebite envenoming. In the six cases of viper and elapid bites that did not receive AV, three cases (two by viper and one by elapid) resulted in death. This indicates that AV treatment is the key to survival after a venomous snakebite. Lastly, we also discuss several studies of therapeutic agents against snakebite-envenoming-induced complications, which could be potential adjuvants along with AV treatment. This article organizes the diagnosis of hemotoxic and neurotoxic envenoming, which may help ER doctors determine the treatment for unidentified snakebite.     

振动排痰机在预防重症脑卒中患者肺部感染中的应用

目的：分析在预防重症脑卒中患者发生肺部感染的过程中振动排痰机的临床应用效果。方法：本次实验研究的76例对象随机选取于2019年10月～2020年10月本院收治的重症脑卒中患者,根据掷硬币法实现患者的分组,其中将振动排痰机作为预防肺部感染方法的38例患者作为Ⅰ组,运用传统排痰方式预防肺部感染的38例患者作为Ⅱ组。结果：比较后可知Ⅰ组患者排痰效果与排痰满意度均明显高于Ⅱ组患者,P<0.05;统计学分析后可知,与Ⅱ组患者相比,Ⅰ组患者肺部感染发生率明显较低,P<0.05。结论：在预防重症脑卒中患者出现肺部感染的过程中振动排痰机的运用不仅可以提高排痰的效果与排痰满意度,同时也有效地降低了肺部感染的发生概率,为患者的高效治疗、更好恢复奠定了基础。     

中国上海汉族人群NAD(P)H氧化酶p22phox亚基C242T基因多态性与脑卒中相关性

目的:研究NAD(P)H氧化酶p22phox亚基C242T基因多态性与脑卒中的相关性?方法:收集118例脑出血患者?125例脑梗死患者和147例正常对照组,研究对象均来自上海地区汉族人群,3组在年龄?性别构成比?体质指数(BMI)等基线指标均没有明显差异,分别进行血糖?血脂等各项指标的测定,用聚合酶链反应?限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR－RFLP)和基因测序方法比较其在不同人群中的基因突变频率?结果:脑出血组?脑梗死组CT + TT基因型(9.3%?9.6%)和T等位基因(4.7%?5.2%),均明显高于对照组(2.0%和1.0%,P < 0.05),脑梗死组中发现1例TT基因型,出血组与正常对照组均未发现TT基因型,与基因测序结果一致?采用二分类Logistic回归分析p22phox亚基C242T基因多态性与脑出血的相关性(β = 1.712,OR = 5.537,95%CI:1.120~27.381,P = 0.036),与脑梗死的相关性(β = 1.432,OR = 4.187,95%CI:0.934~18.774,P = 0.061),表明C242T基因多态性可能是脑出血?脑梗死的危险因素?结论:NAD(P)H氧化酶p22phox亚基C242T多态性与脑出血?脑梗死均有一定的相关性,可能是脑卒中的一个危险因素?但与高血压和饮酒等传统危险因素相比,C242T多态性对脑梗死的影响并不显著?     

脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者“互联网+延续护理”实施障碍的质性研究

目的 了解脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者“互联网+延续护理”实施障碍因素,为针对性干预提供参考。方法 以理论域框架为指导制定访谈提纲,对25名医护技人员进行半结构式访谈,运用主题分析法分析资料、提炼主题（障碍因素）。结果 提炼出医护技人员缺乏劳动价值获得感、缺乏自我效能感,患者吞咽障碍康复行为欠佳等14个主题（障碍因素）,分别归属为社会/职业角色和身份,能力信念,记忆、注意力与决策过程,环境与资源以及社会影响5个理论域。结论 脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者“互联网+延续护理”实施的障碍因素较多,应针对障碍因素进行干预,创造有利条件为患者提供持续的高品质康复护理。     

中医药治疗出血性中风急性期研究现状

出血性中风急性期是临床常见急危重症,相关的中医药研究不断,本文通过查阅古籍,阅读近十年临床研究文献百余篇,将主要治疗方法及成果进行总结。在治疗上,经验传承加理论创新,多有不错的疗效;在研究中,引入了先进的研究方法,提高了科研质量。目前还存在一定问题,如研究结果的循证医学证据质量较低,在将来的临床研究中需要更严谨的设计及规范统一的平台。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案的研究

目的探讨科学、可行的家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案。方法在文献回顾、半结构式访谈的基础上,基于互动式患者参与患者安全理论框架,初步形成急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。通过19名专家进行2轮德尔菲法专家咨询,修订急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案。结果 2轮专家咨询的问卷回收率分别为89.47%和100%,专家权威系数为0.786和0.797。最终形成的急性缺血性脑卒中患者家属参与早期活动方案包括决策性参与、照护性参与、诉求性参与及安全保障方案4项一级指标,二级指标8项,三级指标29项。结论患者家属参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期活动方案的制订可提高家属对患者活动的关注与支持,对促进卒中患者康复有积极作用。     

开窍通络针刺联合小续命汤加减用于脑卒中恢复期疗效观察

目的探讨开窍通络针刺联合小续命汤加减用于脑卒中恢复期的临床疗效。方法选取医院2018年3月至2019年3月收治的脑卒中恢复期患者82例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组,各41例。两组患者均予常规治疗,并予开窍通络针刺,试验组患者加用小续命汤加减治疗。两组均治疗30 d,随访1个月。结果试验组总有效率为95.12%,显著高于对照组的78.05%(P <0.05);试验组患者治疗后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表及纤维蛋白原水平、血沉和血浆黏度均显著低于对照组,Fugl-Meyer评定量表和改良Barthel指数均显著高于对照组(P <0.05);治疗期间两组患者均未出现明显不良反应。结论开窍通络针刺联合小续命汤加减能改善脑卒中恢复期患者的神经功能和肢体运动功能,提高其日常生活能力,改善血液动力学。