静脉药物加药口消毒及使用医用输液瓶口贴的必要性研究

目的 研究静脉药物加药口消毒和使用医用输液瓶口贴的必要性。方法 在静脉药物配置中心的洁净操作环境下,向60个批次的静脉输液中加入10ml灭菌注射用水模拟配置加药过程,参照《中国药典》2010版二部附录Ⅺ J中细菌计数方法,对消毒组和未消毒组、使用密封消毒袋后医用输液瓶口贴组和未使用组的微生物污染情况进行统计分析。结果 消毒组和未消毒组在统计学意义上有显著差异（P>0.05）,在使用密封消毒袋后,贴医用输液瓶口贴组和未贴组在统计学意义上没有显著差异。结论 配制静脉药物时,加药口需要进行消毒以减少加药时微生物污染的风险,使用密封消毒袋后,30 min内静脉输液在病区使用不需要贴医用输液瓶口贴。     

中国经食道超声心动图探头清洗消毒指南

经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查在临床应用广泛,对于常规门诊、住院以及围术期患者的监测,可以提供经胸超声心动图不可替代的丰富信息。TEE检查不仅需要遵循规范的操作指南,而且规范化的清洁和消毒也至关重要,从而保障患者检查的安全性。由于缺少符合我国特色的TEE探头清洁和消毒的专家共识意见,导致个别诊疗单位的TEE探头存在清洁不彻底,消毒不规范等问题,存在安全隐患。因此,由TEE临床应用的中国专家共识专家组参考国内外相关法规、指南以及专家共识,共同制订相关指南。     

Physician complicity in human rights violations: Involuntary sterilization among women from Mexico and Central America seeking asylum in the United States

Involuntary sterilization is a violation of human rights and grounds for asylum in the United States. Forensic medical evaluations can be useful in documenting this form of persecution and supporting asylees’ claims for immigration relief. We conducted a retrospective case analysis of the personal and medical affidavits of 14 asylum-seeking women from four Latin America countries who all reported they had been involuntarily sterilized. Sixty-four percent said that “consent” was coerced; the remainder were unaware of having been sterilized at the time of the procedure. In all cases, findings on hysterosalpingogram were consistent with sterilization, revealing that all 14 had undergone a tubal ligation. Eighty-six percent of the women had been sterilized at the time of childbirth. The healthcare providers involved in the 14 cases failed to obtain informed consent, misled patients about sterilization, engaged in discriminatory behavior, and/or breached patient confidentiality regarding their HIV-status. All 14 asylum cases were defensive; of the 7 cases (50%) that have been decided to date, 100% have been granted asylum.     

Effect of gamma,ethylene oxide,electron beam,and plasma sterilization on the behaviour of SR-PLLA fibres in vitro

- The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various sterilization processes on the physical and mechanical properties of self-reinforced bioabsorbable fibres made out of polylactide (PLLA). The samples were sterilized using plasma, ethylene oxide (one and two cycles), gamma (25 kGy at room temperature, 25 kGy in dry ice, and 2 × 25 kGy at room temperature), and electron beam (15, 25, and 55 kGy) sterilization. The intrinsic viscosity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength) were tested before and immediately after each sterilization treatment, as well as up to 30 weeks in vitro. Compared with unsterilized fibres, the intrinsic viscosity was markedly decreased after radiation sterilization (gamma and electron beam) and the loss in mechanical properties was accelerated during in vitro degradation. Plasma and ethylene oxide (one and two cycles) did not markedly alter the properties of the samples after sterilization or during in vitrodegradation. These data are important for determining the effect of various sterilization processes on the physical and mechanical properties of polylactidebased materials and can be used to predict how fast degradation of the mechanical properties of the self-reinforced PLLA will occur. They can also be used to tailor the degradation kinetics to optimize implant design.     

Er,Cr:YSGG激光在根管治疗中的应用进展

铒、铬:钇钪镓石榴石(erbium,chromium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet laser,Er,Cr:YSGG)激光在牙科领域主要应用于根管治疗术、牙周疾病、龋病、牙本质过敏症、牙髓切断术等。本文从根管封闭性、灭菌、空穴效应和对根尖周组织影响四个方面对Er,Cr:YSGG激光在根管治疗中的研究进展作一综述。文献复习结果表明,Er,Cr:YSGG功率为2~4 w,20 Hz时,可以较好清除牙本质小管玷污层,从而提高材料与牙本质之间的密闭性;Er,Cr:YSGG能量产生的热效应具有灭菌作用,而牙体的光导性使冲洗液能够进入更深的组织,进一步提高灭菌效果;Er,Cr:YSGG还具有空穴效应,破坏深处溶液的表面张力,从而可以清除深层的玷污层与细菌;但是在相同功率下Er,Cr:YSGG如果使用不当,Er,Cr:YSGG产生的热效应会对根尖周组织造成一定伤害,因此,合理的Er,Cr:YSGG使用时间长短和在水冷却条件下是重要的。     

中国药典气体灭菌法质量标准的分析与现状思考

目的 分析中国药典气体灭菌法质量标准与国外药典的差异以及对现状的思考,探索进一步提高和完善中国药典气体灭菌法标准的路径。方法 将美国药典、欧洲药典、日本药局方与中国药典收载的气体灭菌法质量标准进行比对,同时采取参阅其他文献和企业调研的方式展开研究。结果 中国药典与国外药典在气体灭菌法的质量控制上整体要求是一致的,但在一些方面还存在一定的差异性,如气体灭菌法的定义和范畴、生物指示剂的菌株种类和编码、物理化学指示剂的分类和异常说明、验证方法、灭菌剂残留的解析和检测等,需要通过充分的技术评估和可行性分析来逐步完善;此外我国大部分企业的硬件水平差距较为明显,如气体浓度探头的使用、灭菌柜循环系统的配备、热解析室的建立等,其根源很大程度上在于企业成本和发展观念的制约。结论 应根据我国实际情况,进一步完善我国气体灭菌法的国家标准,同时以提高技术标准为依托,推动我国气体灭菌企业转变思维模式和观念,不断优化工艺,提高整体行业水平。     

灭菌器使用的影响因素研究及风险防范

目的了解医院手术室不同类型灭菌器使用情况及存在问题,以便防范灭菌失败的风险。方法通过现场检查和资料调查方法,对某医院手术室使用中的不同类型灭菌器使用情况进行调查与分析。结果该医院手术室共有3种4台灭菌器,分别为卡式压力蒸汽灭菌器、B型台式脉动真空式压力蒸汽灭菌器和过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌器。2013年4台灭菌器共运行灭菌1 135次,其中过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌器使用率为71.81%,脉动真空式压力蒸汽灭菌器使用率为16.12%,卡式压力蒸汽灭菌器使用率为12.07%。两种压力蒸汽灭菌器生物监测全部合格,过氧化氢低温等离子体灭菌器生物监测合格率为98.25%。结论该医院手术室灭菌器应用环节存在问题,过度依赖低温灭菌器,应科学调配应用结构和规范操作。     

Experiences of coercion to sterilize and forced sterilization among women living with HIV in Latin America

Introduction

Forced and coerced sterilization is an internationally recognized human rights violation reported by women living with HIV (WLHIV) around the globe. Forced sterilization occurs when a person is sterilized without her knowledge or informed consent. Coerced sterilization occurs when misinformation, intimidation tactics, financial incentives or access to health services or employment are used to compel individuals to accept the procedure.

Methods

Drawing on community-based research with 285 WLHIV from four Latin American countries (El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua), we conduct thematic qualitative analysis of reports of how and when healthcare providers pressured women to sterilize and multivariate logistic regression to assess whether social and economic characteristics and fertility history were associated with pressure to sterilize.

Results

A quarter (23%) of the participant WLHIV experienced pressure to sterilize post-diagnosis. WLHIV who had a pregnancy during which they (and their healthcare providers) knew their HIV diagnosis were almost six times more likely to experience coercive or forced sterilization than WLHIV who did not have a pregnancy with a known diagnosis (OR 5.66 CI 95% 2.35–13.58 p≤0.001). WLHIV reported that healthcare providers told them that living with HIV annulled their right to choose the number and spacing of their children and their contraceptive method, employed misinformation about the consequences of a subsequent pregnancy for women''s and children''s health, and denied medical services needed to prevent vertical (mother-to-child) HIV transmission to coerce women into accepting sterilization. Forced sterilization was practiced during caesarean delivery.

Conclusions

The experiences of WLHIV indicate that HIV-related stigma and discrimination by healthcare providers is a primary driver of coercive and forced sterilization. WLHIV are particularly vulnerable when seeking maternal health services. Health worker training on HIV and reproductive rights, improving counselling on HIV and sexual and reproductive health for WLHIV, providing State mechanisms to investigate and sanction coercive and forced sterilization, and strengthening civil society to increase WLHIV''s capacity to resist coercion to sterilize can contribute to preventing coercive and forced sterilization. Improved access to judicial and non-judicial mechanisms to procure justice for women who have experienced reproductive rights violations is also needed.