肌少症动物模型的造模方法研究进展

肌少症是与增龄相关的肌肉质量减少和功能减退,其增加了摔倒、骨折、死亡及住院等风险,严重威胁老年人健康。构建动物模型是开展肌少症发病机制、临床干预及治疗方案设计研究的基础。由于肌少症表型的复杂性,使得选择合适的造模方法、构建恰当的动物模型至关重要。本文综述了近年来肌少症动物模型造模方法的相关进展,为开展肌少症发病机制、预防、治疗等相关研究提供参考。     

The Determination of a Consensus Nutritional Approach for Cancer Patients in Spain Using the Delphi Methodology

Malnutrition has a multifactorial origin and can be caused by cancer. This study determined the consensus of a panel of experts on the nutritional approach for cancer patients in Spain using a multidisciplinary approach. Using the Delphi methodology, a 74-question questionnaire was prepared and sent to 46 experts. The areas of knowledge addressed were the nutritional status of the cancer patient, nutritional screening, nutritional therapy, patient referral, and multidisciplinary care. A total of 91.7% of the experts agreed with the questions posed on nutritional status, 60.0% with those on nutritional screening, 76.7% with those on nutritional therapy, and the entire panel of experts agreed with the questions posed on patient referral and multidisciplinary care. The experts agreed upon a high prevalence of malnutrition among cancer patients in Spain. Unlike medical and radiation oncologists, medical nutrition specialists believe that body composition assessment should not be carried out in all types of cancer patients during nutritional screening and that interventions can be conducted outside the oncology clinic. In general, it is recommended that nursing staff routinely perform nutritional screening before starting cancer treatment. It is necessary to develop a multidisciplinary action protocol that includes nutritional and/or sarcopenia screening.     

Methylglyoxal Induces Inflammation,Metabolic Modulation and Oxidative Stress in Myoblast Cells

Uremic sarcopenia is a serious clinical problem associated with physical disability and increased morbidity and mortality. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive, dicarbonyl uremic toxin that accumulates in the circulatory system in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is related to the pathology of uremic sarcopenia. The pathophysiology of uremic sarcopenia is multifactorial; however, the details remain unknown. We investigated the mechanisms of MG-induced muscle atrophy using mouse myoblast C2C12 cells, focusing on intracellular metabolism and mitochondrial injury. We found that one of the causative pathological mechanisms of uremic sarcopenia is metabolic flow change to fatty acid synthesis with MG-induced ATP shortage in myoblasts. Evaluation of cell viability revealed that MG showed toxic effects only in myoblast cells, but not in myotube cells. Expression of mRNA or protein analysis revealed that MG induces muscle atrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in myoblast cells. Target metabolomics revealed that MG induces metabolic alterations, such as a reduction in tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. In addition, MG induces mitochondrial morphological abnormalities in myoblasts. These changes resulted in the reduction of ATP derived from the mitochondria of myoblast cells. Our results indicate that MG is a pathogenic factor in sarcopenia in CKD.     

运动通过调控线粒体质量控制改善肌少症的研究进展

肌少症是骨骼肌质量和力量逐渐下降的过程,是老年人面临的主要健康挑战。线粒体可通过改善生物合成、抗氧化防御、融合/分裂动力学以及线粒体自噬等,维持骨骼肌自身结构和功能的完整性,线粒体功能障碍是导致肌少症的重要因素之一。运动疗法可通过激活与调控线粒体生物合成和线粒体自噬,调节线粒体质量控制,延缓和防治肌少症发生和进展。     

高龄男性肌少症患者的活动能力与下肢肌肉质量和肌力的相关性研究

目的 探讨高龄（＞85岁）男性肌少症患者的活动能力与其下肢肌肉质量和下肢肌力的相关性。方法 根据亚洲肌少症工作组（AWGS）纳入和排除标准,入选2014年6月至2015年2月于解放军总医院门诊部查体的87名高龄肌少症男性患者,年龄（89.5±4.4）岁,平均相对骨骼肌肉质量指数（RASMMI）为（6.04±0.62）kg/m2。分别对研究对象进行身体成分测试、握力测试、下肢肌力测试（分别测试髂腰肌、股四头肌、胫前肌及腘绳肌的最大等长肌力）,并研究上述指标与活动能力测试如步速（6min最大步行速度测试）、计时“起立?行走”时间测试（TUGT）、5次起坐时间测试（FTSST）和闭目单腿站立测试的相关性。结果 步速、TUGT、FTSST、闭目单腿站立时间主要与年龄（r＝?0.567,P＝0.018;r＝0.742,P＝0.001;r＝0.632,P＝0.007;r＝?0.489,P＝0.047）、下肢肌肉质量（r＝0.489,P＝0.045;r＝?0.579,P＝0.012;r＝?0.641,P＝0.003;r＝0.476,P＝0.048）和下肢脂肪含量（r＝?0.517,P＝0.032;r＝0.513,P＝0.031;r＝0.528,P＝0.015;r＝?0.533,P＝0.012）相关。步速、TUGT、FTSST、闭目单腿站立时间与髂腰肌肌力（r＝0.313,P＝0.000;r＝?0.887,P＝0.000;r＝?0.666,P＝0.003;r＝0.515,P＝0.035）和与股四头肌肌力（r＝0.251,P＝0.017;r＝?0.775,P＝0.000;r＝?0.612,P＝0.013;r＝0.671,P＝0.002）相关。结论 高龄肌少症老人的活动能力与身体成分及下肢肌力相关程度较高。脂肪含量高而下肢肌肉质量低的老年人活动能力相对差;下肢肌力高的老年人活动能力较好,尤其以股四头肌、髂腰肌肌力为代表。     

老年髋部骨折患者肌肉减少症与骨密度的关系

目的探讨老年髋部骨折患者肌肉减少症(sarcopenia)及与骨密度下降的关系。方法 113例65岁的老年髋部骨折患者(骨折组)纳入本研究,男性67例,女性46例;同期非髋部骨折老年患者1 321例作为对照组,男性654例,女性667例。所有患者均用双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)检测全身身体组成成分(骨量、肌肉含量,脂肪含量)。肌肉减少症的诊断标准:骨骼肌重量指数(SMI)(肢体骨骼肌重量/身高平方,kg/m2)低于同人种健康成年人1个标准差为1级肌肉减少症(class 1),低于2个标准差为2级肌肉减少症(class 2)。根据以上标准将受试者分为肌量正常组:男性SMI7.01 kg/m2,女性SMI5.42 kg/m2;class 1组:男性SMI 6.09~7.01 kg/m2,女性SMI 4.80~5.42 kg/m2;class2组:男性SMI≤6.08 kg/m2,女性SMI≤4.79 kg/m2。分析不同组老年髋部骨折患者肌肉减少症的检出率。结果老年髋部骨折患者肌肉减少症检出率明显高于同性别类似年龄人群:骨折组男性肌肉减少症检出率(62.6%)与对照组男性肌肉减少症检出率(12.8%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001),骨折组女性肌肉减少症检出率(13.0%)与非骨折组女性肌肉减少症检出率(4.1%)比较差异有统计学意义(P0.001);老年女性髋部骨折患者中肌量正常者24例(52.1%),Class 1级者16例(34.7%),Class 2级者6例(13.0%);骨骼肌重量指数与股骨颈骨密度和全身骨密度呈正相关。老年男性髋部骨折患者中肌量正常者9例(13.4%),Class 1级者16例(23.8%),Class 2级者42例(62.6%),骨骼肌重量指数与BMI呈正相关,与年龄呈负相关。结论老年髋部骨折患者肌肉减少症检出率明显高于同龄非骨折者,男性肌少症检出率高于女性。老年女性髋部骨折患者的骨骼肌重量指数与股骨颈和全身骨密度呈正相关,老年男性髋部骨折患者骨骼肌重量指数则与骨密度无明显相关性。应关注骨折患者肌肉减少症的防治。