Sigmoidoscopy in children with chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Objective: This study was done to assess the role of rigid sigmoidoscopy in diagnosis and prognosis of children with chronic and minor lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: Retrospective review of the clinical notes of children under 15 years of age with minor and chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding who had rigid sigmoidoscopy and biopsy between October 1998 and April 2002 at Liaquat Medical College Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Demographic data, clinical presentation, morbidity, sigmoidoscopic and histopathological findings were analysed to determine the role of rigid sigmoidoscopy in the management of rectal bleeding in children. Results: A total of 229 sigmoidoscopic examinations were carried out in 207 children with a mean age of 6 years. Seventy-seven per cent (160) of children were symptomatic for a year or more. Causes of bleeding were juvenile colorectal polyps (155 cases; 75%), non-specific proctitis (38 cases; 18%), solitary rectal ulcer (seven cases; 3.5%), lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (six cases, 3%) and foreign body (betel nuts) impaction (one case; 0.5%). Polyps were mostly in the rectosigmoid region and solitary in 136 (88%) children. All polyps were removed by rigid sigmoidoscopy. Histological examination of 137 polyps revealed juvenile type in 136 (99%) cases and low-grade dysplastic changes in one patient. Non-specific proctitis (n = 38) was confirmed histologically in 92% (n = 35) of cases and it was self-limiting in 86% of cases. Other findings include solitary rectal ulcer in seven, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia in six and telangiectasic (pyogenic) granuloma in one patient. Conclusion: Rigid sigmoidoscopy was useful in diagnosis, treatment and prognostic evaluation of children with chronic and minor lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Final diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology.     

Rigid bronchoscopy for foreign body removal: anaesthesia and ventilation

Foreign body aspiration is a leading cause of death in children 1-3 years old, although mortality is low for children who reach the hospital. Presenting symptoms of an inhaled foreign body depends on time since aspiration. Immediately after inhalation the child starts to cough, wheeze, or have laboured breathing. If the early signs are missed, the child usually presents with fever and other signs and symptoms of chest infection. A plain chest X-ray has relatively low sensitivity and specificity for inhaled foreign body. The gold standard for diagnosis and management of this condition is rigid open tube bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. For late presentations, time should be taken to fast the child and complete a thorough evaluation before bronchoscopy. The procedure should be performed in a well-equipped room with at least two anaesthesiologists, one with paediatric experience, in attendance. Most experienced anaesthesiologists prefer inhalational rather than intravenous induction of anaesthesia and a ventilating bronchoscope rather than intubation. Equally good results have been reported with spontaneous ventilation or positive pressure ventilation; jet ventilation is not advocated for foreign body removal in children.     

纤维支气管镜在小儿难治性肺炎诊治中的价值

目的评价纤维支气管镜和支气管肺泡灌洗术在小儿难治性肺炎诊治中的作用。方法对常规抗感染治疗超过2周仍无效的54例难治性肺炎患儿进行纤维支气管镜检查,对其中41例进行支气管肺泡灌洗,灌洗液作细胞学检查和细菌定量培养。结果镜检结果示单纯炎症病变27例(50%),异物吸入12例(22%),支气管肺发育异常5例(9%),肺部出血性疾病4例(7%),气管支气管软化3例(6%),支气管内膜结核2例(4%),Kartagener综合征1例(2%)。难治性肺炎患儿中3岁以内婴幼儿多见,为38例(70%)。41例行支气管肺泡灌洗者的灌洗液细胞数中位数515×109/L[(55～3900)×109/L];中性粒细胞比例中位数63%(0～98%),其中27例(66%)>25%。27例单纯炎症与14例伴其他病变(异物、支气管肺发育异常和出血性病变)患儿灌洗液的细胞数和中性粒细胞比例差异无统计学意义。灌洗液致病菌培养阳性者中性粒细胞比例高于寄生菌阳性者(P<0.05)。细菌培养阳性15例(37%),定量培养菌落≥104cfu/ml9株(≥105cfu/ml仅1株)。吞噬细菌中性粒细胞阳性2例。3例经纤支镜行支气管黏膜活检,其中支气管内膜结核2例,Kartagener综合征1例。结论纤支镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗术是小儿难治性呼吸系统疾病诊断的一种非常有效的措施。镜检、灌洗液细胞学检查、细菌定量培养以及活检病理检查相结合可提高诊断的正确性。在小儿难治性肺炎中,灌洗液培养以细菌生长≥104cfu/ml为界,作为致病菌,而呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)时,≥103cfu/ml也应考虑为致病菌。     

支气管镜下联合介入治疗结核性支气管狭窄

目的探讨支气管镜下联合介入治疗对结核性支气管狭窄的临床治疗价值。方法回顾性分析总结该院2002年1月～2005年12月采用支气管镜检查确诊并镜下联合介入治疗的50例结核性支气管狭窄患者的临床资料。结果联合采用镜下介入治疗显效22例(44%),有效20例(40%),有效率84%。结论支气管镜下联合介入治疗是治疗结核性支气管狭窄的有效途径。     

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目的评价微小切口进路坚固内固定治疗口腔颌面部骨折的治疗效果。方法对2003年2月至2007年2月在广西医科大学口腔医学院就诊的268例口腔颌面骨折患者(下颌骨骨折53例;上颌骨骨折78例;上下颌骨联合骨折137,其中伴有颧骨颧弓骨折81例),采用小切口微创技术,应用微小型钛板作坚固内固定骨折固定术。结果268例患者术后伤口均无感染,均Ⅰ期愈合。患者的咬合关系及张口度均恢复良好。术后半年复查骨折愈合良好,所有钛板无移位或断裂等。结论微小切口进路坚固内固定治疗口腔颌面部骨折固定效果好,操作简便,创伤小,术后面部畸形得以改善,能早期恢复颌骨功能,是治疗口腔颌面部骨折较理想的方法。     

RGP fitting philosophies for keratoconus

Rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses are the choice of vision correction for most keratoconic patients. Various fitting philosophies and different lens designs are available and the question of which technique is the most appropriate is a controversial issue in the field of contact lens practice. This article reviews the different philosophies with respect to their rationale, optical performance and physiological influence on the cornea. The ‘three-point-touch’ approach is now the most widely-accepted corneal lens fitting philosophy in clinical practice. It provides a well-distributed pressure between the cone apex and the relatively normal peripheral cornea but other philosophies such as apical bearing and apical clearance also have advantages. Having considered the advantages and disadvantages of each philosophy, a variant of the three-point-touch appears to be a practical solution. Practitioners can fit keratoconic patients with a three-point-touch tending towards apical clearance to allow for disease progression and unexpected lack of follow-up. Wearing time, visual acuity and comfort are also important issues to be considered as all of these are essential to constitute a successful contact lens fitting.     

数字化断层结合纤支镜检并肺穿刺活检诊断早期肺癌

目的：探讨对肺部疾病特别是对早期肺癌能准确、快速诊断的检查方法。材料与方法：对30疑肺部肿瘤等疾病患者，施行纤支镜检、刷检，并在电视透视下经纤支镜进行肺穿刺活检。再应用数字减影（DSA）技术，用76％复方泛影葡胺经纤支镜进行选择性支气管造影，造影后立即行数化支气管体层摄影。结果：检出中央型肺癌16例，周围型肺癌6例。细支气管肺泡癌2例，支气管内膜结核并肺不张3例，炎性假瘤2例，假阴性1例，均得到手术病理证实。结论：该项综合性技术能准确、快速诊断多种肺部疾病，特别是早期肺癌。     

经纤维支气管镜确诊的不同病理类型支气管肺癌的临床研究

目的评价不同病理类型的支气管肺癌的临床特点和纤维支气管镜下不同的表现以及纤维支气管镜下所见与病理类型的关系。方法回顾性分析宁夏医学院附属医院呼吸内科支气管镜室1984～2002年1882例经纤维支气管镜确诊的支气管肺癌患者的镜下所见以及不同病理类型的性别、年龄、吸烟指数、临床表现及镜下表现等分布特点。结果经纤维支气管镜确诊的鳞癌、小细胞癌、大细胞癌男性均明显多于女性,而腺癌男女性别比例差异不大;鳞癌、小细胞癌好发于上叶,而腺癌好发于下叶;病理以鳞癌所占比例最高(59.6%),小细胞癌次之(22.6%),腺癌较少(6.8%)。鳞癌、小细胞癌均以增殖型为主,腺癌以浸润型为多。结论不同病理类型的支气管肺癌的临床特点、镜下所见均有所不同。     

静脉维持丙泊酚全麻加口咽通气管行无痛支气管镜检查的临床应用

目的探讨一种方便、有效、安全的支气管镜麻醉方法，配合支气管镜的临床应用。方法研究组169例患者以芬太尼诱导后丙泊酚微泵静脉维持，达全麻状态下经口放置口咽通气管吸氧行无痛性纤维支气管镜。观察过程中患者的反应性症状，询问患者的痛苦记忆以及医生操作情况，并与同期256例对照组进行比较；记录研究组生命体征变化，评价该方法的安全性。结果研究组169例患者共进行236次支气管镜操作，成功率100％。与对照组比较，操作过程中体动、呛咳、屏气、呼吸困难等反应性症状均较低（P〈0．01）；患者痛苦记忆少（P〈0．01），医生操作完成到位程度高。研究组操作全过程患者无任何不适感觉，生命体征稳定。结论静脉雏持全麻加用口咽通气管吸氧行无痛支气管镜，是一种痛苦少、反应轻、操作容易、安全可行的麻醉方法，尤其适用需要多次检查治疗的患者。     

经纤维支气管镜激光治疗气道内良性肿瘤26例临床分析

目的研究经纤维支气管镜激光消融治疗在气道内良性肿瘤治疗中的价值.方法对26例气道内良性肿瘤患者经纤维支气管镜应用Nd:YAG激光进行消融治疗,观察患者咳嗽、气促、血气分析及气道内新生物改善情况并进行密切随访.结果经激光治疗后所有患者气道内新生物均完全清除,患者气促、咳嗽等得到明显改善,术后1周咳嗽完全缓解者21例,气促由治疗前的(3.3±0.7)级改善为(1.5±0.5)级(p＜0.001);PaO2由治疗前的(8.4±1.4)kPa上升为(11.8±1.2)kPa(P＜0.001);18例患者术后3 d内治愈出院.治疗过程中除11例出现一过性低氧血症及1例少量出血外,未见其他严重并发症.术后随访6～60个月,除1例乳头状瘤术后1 a左右复发外,其余患者气道一直保持通畅.结论经纤维支气管镜Nd:YAG激光消融治疗气道内良性肿瘤安全有效,并发症少,优先于开胸手术治疗,值得临床推广应用.