Theoretical Considerations for the Design and Development of a Drug: Influence of Pharmacokinetics and Dosage Regimen on Receptor Interactions

Pharmaceutical Research -     

苯乙烯聚合反应挤出过程中停留时间及其分布

研究了苯乙烯单体在双螺杆挤出机中聚合反应的停留时间及其分布，结果表明，聚合过程中单体及其聚合物在双螺杆中的停留时间分布于1min-4min范围内，平均停留时间在较大程度上受螺杆的转速，进料速度，聚合物平均分子量等因素的影响，聚合反应主要发生在螺杆的600mm处，约于850mm处聚合反应完成，根据因次分析得到了平均停留时间的模型，实验表明该模型与实测结果吻合。     

Lubrithal® (Leo viscous eye gel), precorneal residence time in normal and dry eyes

In an open, right/left controlled study we compared the effects of topical carbomer gel Lubrithal^® (Leo viscous eye gel) and polyvinyl alcohol (Liquifilm^®, Allergan) in 20 patients with dry eyes and in 20 healthy subjects. The average precorneal residence time of carbomer gel in patients and healthy subjects was 92.8 min (± 35.7) and 36.5 min (± 14.2), respectively, while it was 40.8 min (± 19.4) and 19.5 min (± 8.3) in the polyvinyl alcohol group. The tear break up time was 10 min after instillation significantly longer with the carbomer gel: 23.0 seconds (± 5.5) in dry eye patients and 26.2 seconds (± 4.4) in healthy subjects compared to polyvinyl alcohol: 10.4 seconds (± 3.4) in dry eye patients and 16.5 seconds (± 7.1) in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Seventy-five per cent of the dry eye patients preferred Lubrithal^®.     

Further increases in rural suicide in young Australian adults: secular trends, 1979-2003

This study investigates changes in Australian urban-rural suicide differentials over time in the context of overall declines in (male) suicide in the late 1990s, and determines the extent to which differences in socio-economic status (SES) account for observed urban-rural trends. Suicide data were stratified for the period 1979-2003 by metropolitan, rural and remote areas and examined across five quinquennia, centred on each Australian census from 1981 to 2001. Suicide rates (per 100,000) were adjusted for confounding by sex, age, country-of-birth and the mediating effects of area SES, using Poisson regression models. Male suicide rates in metropolitan, rural and remote areas diverged significantly over time, especially in young males (15-24 years). Young male suicide rates increased significantly in metropolitan, rural and remote areas over 1979-1998, and in the most recent period (1999-2003) increased further in remote areas from 38.8 (per 100,000) to 47.9 (23% increase). In contrast suicide rates in rural areas decreased from a peak of 27.5 to 19.8 (28% decrease), and in metropolitan areas from a peak of 22.1 to 16.8 (24% decrease). Similar divergence in the 1999-2003 quinquennium, though of a lesser magnitude, was also evident for males aged 25-34 years. Female suicide rates in the earlier part of the period were significantly lower in rural and remote areas than in metropolitan areas, particularly for those aged 25-34 years, then increased in rural and remote areas to converge with female suicide rates in metropolitan areas. Adjusting for SES in addition to age and country-of-birth reduced urban-rural suicide differentials in both males and females, consistent with SES being an intermediary between rural residence and suicide. Nevertheless, urban-rural differences remained statistically significant. These results show that the largest urban-rural male suicide differentials for the 25-year study period occurred in the most recent period (1999-2003), in the context of decreasing male suicide rates overall.     

Factors Associated With Interest in Subspecialty Training Among Neurology Residents

Phenomenon: Previous studies have not explored factors associated with decisions among neurology residents to pursue subspecialty training within neurology. Understanding career choices among neurology residents, particularly decisions regarding subspecialty training, is critical, as neurologists with specialized knowledge can help meet the needs of patients with specific disease conditions. This study addresses the knowledge gap about subspecialty training decisions by examining factors associated with neurology residents' interest in pursuing subspecialty training and the types of subspecialty training neurology residents consider. Approach: We surveyed a geographically stratified sample of neurology residents in U.S. training programs using a two-stage survey design. In Stage 1, we randomly sampled half of the accredited neurology residency programs stratified by U.S. census region; Stage 2 involved a survey of neurology residents within these programs. Findings: The majority (approximately 81%) of residents expressed interest in subspecialty training. Resident demographic characteristics and educational debt did not influence interest in pursuing subspecialty training. Residents were more likely to express interest in subspecialty training when they participated in any neurology research (odds ratio [OR] = 2.39), 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.13, 5.07], p = .02, and indicated more interest in careers involving teaching (OR = 8.33), 95% CI [1.64, 42.19], p = .01. Considering the “medical content of subspecialty” as a more important factor approached but did not reach statistical significance (OR = 3.12), 95% CI [0.97, 10.06], p = .06. Insights: Participation in any neurology research and interest in careers involving teaching are associated with interest in subspecialty training among neurology residents. Further research is needed to determine whether exposure to research and teaching stimulates interest in subspecialty training and whether residents believe that subspecialty training is instrumental in pursuing an academic career.     

警惕居住证制度对流出地新型农村合作医疗制度的消极影响

随着社会保障制度的日益完善,居住证制度已逐步取代暂住证制度推广开来。居住证制度虽然为流动人口参加就业地基本医疗保险提供了便利条件,但其对基本医疗保险尤其是流出地新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)产生了消极影响。从实现险种并轨、做好新农合与医疗救助制度的衔接以及克服重复参保问题等角度出发,选择避免居住证制度对流出地新农合的消极影响的路径,是惠及民生的重要举措。     

流动人口在现居住地获得避孕知识情况及影响因素分析

目的:了解流动人口在现居住地获得避孕知识的情况并分析影响因素,为开展流动人口避孕节育/生殖健康服务提供参考。方法:采用多阶段整群抽样的方法选择上海市闵行区的2001名流动人口,于2007年8～10月由统一培训的调查员开展结构式问卷调查。结果:流动人口对常用避孕方法的知晓率<70%,对副作用了解最少。最近1年在现居地获得过避孕知识者占42.73%,其避孕知识总得分(31.39±20.72分)高于未获得过避孕知识的对象(24.06±20.54分)(P<0.01)。流动人口在现居地获取避孕知识最主要途径是宣传小册子/折页(30.76%),其次是影视广播/书报杂志(16.96%)和宣传板报(16.26%)。年龄越小、文化程度越高其获得避孕知识的比例越高;未婚有性生活和已婚对象获得避孕知识的比例较未婚无性生活者高;工厂对象获得避孕知识的比例较建筑工地和娱乐服务场所对象高。结论:流动人口在现居住地获得避孕知识的比例较低,年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度和工作场所对流动人口在现居住地是否获得过避孕知识有影响。因此,现居住地应加强针对流动人口的计划生育/生殖健康宣教和服务,应以年龄小、未婚无性生活、文化程度低以及建筑工地和娱乐场所工作的流动人口作为重点。